PM2.5 seasonal variations at an economic development zone site in southwest karst plateau city: Chemical compositions and source apportionment

IF 3.9 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Atmospheric Pollution Research Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-11 DOI:10.1016/j.apr.2025.102864

Jixue Jia , Peng Xu , Jiaqun Gui , Yunwu Li , Xianqin Wang , Guangxuan Yan , Shouyang He , Xuehai Fei , Wenkang Gao , Zirui Liu , Bo Hu , Aijiang Yang

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Abstract

To investigate the seasonal variation characteristics and sources of PM_2.5 chemical components in an economic development zone within a karst plateau city in southwestern China, PM_2.5 samples were collected in 2022 around a national air quality monitoring station in the Guiyang Economic and Technological Development Zone. Laboratory analyses and modeling approaches were employed to examine the seasonal variations of carbonaceous components, water-soluble inorganic ions, and trace metal elements in PM_2.5, as well as to apportion its sources. The results demonstrate that the average concentrations of OC and EC were 7.0 μg m⁻³ and 3.5 μg m⁻³, accounting for 13.9 % and 7.4 % of PM_2.5, respectively. The proportions of SOC in PM_2.5 were 5.1 %, 12.0 %, 10.9 %, and 7.9 % across the four seasons. SOC was strongly correlated with OC (R² = 0.87) and increased with the enhancement of atmospheric oxidation capacity (Ox level), while OC showed a weak correlation with EC (R² = 0.47). The annual average mass concentration of water-soluble ions (WSIIs) was (17.2 ± 10.0 μg m⁻³), with SNA accounting for 30.1 % of the water-soluble ions in PM_2.5. The overall characteristics showed sulfate > nitrate > ammonium, with an average NO₃⁻/SO₄²⁻ ratio of 0.4, indicating that stationary sources contributed significantly to atmospheric pollution at this sampling site. Furthermore, ammonium salts mainly existed as (NH₄)₂SO₄ and NH₄HSO₄. The neutralization carriers of nitrate showed seasonal differences: in spring, summer, and autumn, NO₃⁻ was significantly positively correlated with NH₄⁺ (r = 0.67–0.81) and mainly present as NH₄NO₃. It was strongly positively correlated with Ca²⁺ (r = 0.94) and dominated by metal nitrates such as Ca(NO₃)₂ in winter. Among the 14 trace metals, Zn was the dominant element with an average concentration of 53.54 ng m⁻³ (accounting for 33.99 %) and the highest concentration in spring (63.50 ng m⁻³). The concentrations of Cr (17.37 ng m⁻³), Mn (16.77 ng m⁻³), and As (12.32 ng m⁻³) all exceeded the relevant standard limits, such as those specified in GB 3095-2012. During the sampling period, the contributions of PM_2.5 components were as follows: organic matter (OM, 31.3 %), sulfate (SO₄²⁻, 23.9 %), nitrate (NO₃⁻, 9.4 %), ammonium (NH₄⁺, 7.1 %), trace metals (0.3 %), and mineral dust (18.1 %). Positive matrix factorization (PMF) revealed that the sources of PM_2.5 were dust (6.0 %), vehicle emissions (13.0 %), secondary nitrate (29.4 %), Industrial sources (10.4 %), biomass burning (22.7 %), and coal combustion source (17.7 %).

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西南喀斯特高原城市某经济开发区场址PM2.5季节变化：化学成分及来源解析

为了研究西南喀斯特高原城市经济开发区PM2.5化学成分的季节变化特征和来源，于2022年在贵阳经济技术开发区国家空气质量监测站周围采集了PM2.5样本。采用实验室分析和建模方法，研究了PM2.5中碳质组分、水溶性无机离子和微量金属元素的季节变化，并对其来源进行了分配。结果表明：大气中OC和EC的平均浓度分别为7.0 μg m−3和3.5 μg m−3，分别占PM2.5的13.9%和7.4%；土壤有机碳在PM2.5中的占比四季分别为5.1%、12.0%、10.9%和7.9%。土壤有机碳（SOC）与土壤有机碳（OC）呈显著正相关（R2 = 0.87），且随大气氧化能力（Ox水平）的增强而增加，土壤有机碳（OC）与土壤有机碳（EC）呈弱相关（R2 = 0.47）。年平均水溶性离子质量浓度（WSIIs）为（17.2±10.0 μ m−3），其中SNA占PM2.5中水溶性离子的30.1%。总体特征为硫酸盐&硝态铵，平均NO3−/SO42−比值为0.4，表明固定源对该采样点大气污染的贡献较大。铵盐主要以（NH4）2SO4和NH4HSO4形式存在。硝态氮中和载体存在季节差异，春、夏、秋3个季节NO3−与NH4+呈显著正相关（r = 0.67 ~ 0.81），且以NH4NO3为主。与Ca2+呈极显著正相关（r = 0.94），冬季以Ca(NO3)2等金属硝酸盐为主。14种微量金属中，Zn为优势元素，平均浓度为53.54 ng m−3（占33.99%），春季浓度最高（63.50 ng m−3）。铬（17.37 ng m−3）、锰（16.77 ng m−3）、砷（12.32 ng m−3）浓度均超过GB 3095-2012等相关标准限值。在采样期间，PM2.5组分的贡献为有机物（OM, 31.3%）、硫酸盐（SO42−,23.9%）、硝酸盐（NO3−,9.4%）、铵（NH4+, 7.1%）、微量金属（0.3%）和矿物粉尘（18.1%）。正矩阵分解（PMF）结果表明，PM2.5的来源依次为扬尘（6.0%）、机动车排放（13.0%）、二次硝酸盐（29.4%）、工业（10.4%）、生物质燃烧（22.7%）和煤炭燃烧（17.7%）。

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来源期刊

Atmospheric Pollution Research ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES-

CiteScore

8.30

自引率

6.70%

发文量

256

审稿时长

36 days

期刊介绍： Atmospheric Pollution Research (APR) is an international journal designed for the publication of articles on air pollution. Papers should present novel experimental results, theory and modeling of air pollution on local, regional, or global scales. Areas covered are research on inorganic, organic, and persistent organic air pollutants, air quality monitoring, air quality management, atmospheric dispersion and transport, air-surface (soil, water, and vegetation) exchange of pollutants, dry and wet deposition, indoor air quality, exposure assessment, health effects, satellite measurements, natural emissions, atmospheric chemistry, greenhouse gases, and effects on climate change.