Amphibians in China: over 250 years of species discoveries and ongoing challenges

Abstract

In the face of the ongoing sixth mass extinction, estimating the number of extant species on Earth remains a fundamental yet daunting task. Renowned for its rich biodiversity, China hosts a high concentration of threatened species, particularly amphibians. However, incomplete species inventories have hindered current understanding of biodiversity and impeded conservation efforts. Here, we compiled records documenting the formal scientific discovery of previously undescribed amphibian species in China between 1765 and 2022, with the intent to summarize associated trends and identify key predictors thereof. During that over 250-year timespan, while the total number of authors increased, more than 60% of those authors described only one species, highlighting a skewed pattern in productivity. Notably, resident (domestic) taxonomists have gradually surpassed their non-resident (international) counterparts in contributions and now play a central role in species discovery. Over time, the factors that affect the discovery probability of species have shifted, yet the degree of activity among taxonomists remains the most consistent driver. Despite increased effort, local taxonomists face growing challenges due to limited personnel and time. Strengthening institutional support, funding, and international collaboration will be essential to narrow knowledge gaps across taxonomic groups and to better inform and prioritize biodiversity conservation in China.