Retrospection of Argemone mexicana and its Derived Analogs as a Futuristic Approach Exhibiting Anticancer Potential.

Abstract

Argemone mexicana (Linn.), commonly known as prickly poppy, is a well-documented medicinal plant in Indian Ayurvedic literature, recognized for its diverse pharmacological properties. It has been investigated for its potential applications in the treatment of cancer, inflammation, and wound healing, thereby highlighting its pharmacological significance. Traditionally, it has been used successfully to treat skin diseases, ulcers, tumors, boils, and snake venom poisoning. The therapeutic potential of this plant has been further validated by recent studies, which also demonstrated its safety in clinical trials for antimalarial activity. Berberine, argemonine, argenaxine, and chelerythrine are among the bioactive alkaloids abundant in Argemone mexicana, shown to possess significant anticancer, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antimalarial properties. These compounds exert cytotoxic effects against various cancer cell lines by modulating key oncogenic pathways and preventing the acquisition of cancer hallmark characteristics, such as uncontrolled proliferation, apoptosis evasion, inflammation, invasion, angiogenesis, and drug resistance. Preclinical studies have further explored the role of Argemone mexicana in cancer treatment and wound healing, expanding its pharmacological relevance. This review systematically compiles evidence from in vitro and in vivo studies, elucidating the mechanisms through which Argemone mexicana and its derived compounds exhibit anticancer activity. By highlighting its potential as a natural source of anticancer agents, this review aims to provide a foundation for future research and the development of novel plant-based cancer therapeutics.