Urbanization, Physical Capacity, and Body Composition in Rarámuri and Mestizo Populations From Northern Mexico

Abstract

Objectives

To compare body composition and physical fitness indicators among non-urbanized rural Rarámuri (NURR), urbanized Rarámuri (UR), and urban Mestizo (MEST) populations, and to analyze the influence of urbanization on health-related physical performance.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted in Chihuahua, Mexico (n = 171; 84 men, 87 women). Anthropometric and functional assessments followed the ISAK and YMCA protocols, which included BMI, waist circumference, body fat percentage, push-ups, sit-ups, flexibility, and aerobic capacity. Classifications were based on WHO and YMCA reference standards. Statistical differences were analyzed using the Kruskal–Wallis test (p < 0.05).

Results

Urbanization was associated with a progressive increase in adiposity and a decline in aerobic capacity. Participants from UR and MEST groups exhibited higher body weight, BMI, and body fat percentage compared to those in the NURR group (p < 0.05), as well as lower VO₂max and functional endurance. Waist circumference revealed a greater distribution of metabolic risk among UR and MEST participants, while the NURR group maintained a leaner and metabolically efficient phenotype.

Conclusions

The findings highlight a clear biocultural transition: as traditional physical activity patterns erode, physiological efficiency and cardiometabolic health deteriorate. The Rarámuri case exemplifies how urbanization induces functional regression rather than adaptation, underscoring the importance of preserving indigenous mobility and physical culture as key components of public health and cultural identity.