Sport- and sex-specific differences in rapid weight loss practices among elite combat sport athletes.

Abstract

Background: Rapid weight loss (RWL) is widely practiced in combat sports, yet comparative data across sports and sexes are limited. This study aimed to compare RWL patterns, methods, and associated physical and psychological difficulties by sport and sex among elite Korean combat sports athletes.

Methods: A cross-sectional analysis was conducted in 414 elite athletes from taekwondo, judo, wrestling, and boxing. Body mass was recorded before RWL, at the official weigh-in, and prior to competition. RWL practices, sources of information, and physical and psychological difficulties were assessed using validated questionnaires. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) were performed separately for male and female athletes.

Results: Athletes engaged in RWL for an average of 6.53 days, losing 5.49% of body mass and regaining approximately 95% before competition. RWL duration did not differ by sport or sex. However, significant sport-specific differences were observed in absolute and relative weight loss and weight regain, with judo and wrestling athletes showing greater weight loss and wrestlers exhibiting the highest regain. No significant differences were found among sports in RWL methods, sources of information, or reported physical and psychological difficulties. Athletes predominantly relied on coaches and peers and commonly reported fatigue, dizziness, irritability, and impaired concentration.

Conclusions: While RWL duration is similar across sports and sexes, the magnitude of weight loss and regain varies according to sport-specific regulations. Despite these differences, RWL methods and associated difficulties are consistent, emphasizing the need for evidence-based weight management and greater involvement of health professionals.