{"title":"Allostatic Load in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Treated with GLP-1 Receptor Agonists.","authors":"Yang Yu, Susan Groth","doi":"10.1177/15578518261431688","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>In patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists improve glycemic control and have been shown to enhance stress regulation, potentially attenuating the cumulative impact of chronic stress. Despite these links, few studies have examined allostatic load in patients with T2DM treated with GLP-1s.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To compare allostatic load among patients with T2DM treated with GLP-1s and three comparison groups: individuals without T2DM, individuals with T2DM not receiving medication treatment, and individuals with T2DM treated with non-GLP-1 medications.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We analyzed data from 16,830 adults in the 2007-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Medication status was based on self-reported prescription use within the past month. Allostatic load was calculated primarily using a 13 biomarker index spanning metabolic, autonomic, and immune function and secondarily using a modified score that excluded HbA1c and insulin resistance. General linear regression was used to assess associations, adjusting for sociodemographics, comorbidities, and health behaviors.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Participants with T2DM treated with GLP-1s had higher allostatic load than those without T2DM (<i>β</i> = 1.57, 95% CI: 0.88, 2.25) but did not differ from participants with T2DM who were untreated or treated with non-GLP-1s. After excluding HbA1c and insulin resistance from the score, allostatic load in the GLP-1s-treated group was comparable across all comparison groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>GLP-1 treatment was not associated with lower allostatic load compared with other treatment regimens in patients with T2DM. Longitudinal studies with neuroendocrine measures are needed to better characterize its effects on stress regulation.</p>","PeriodicalId":18405,"journal":{"name":"Metabolic syndrome and related disorders","volume":" ","pages":"228-234"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6000,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Metabolic syndrome and related disorders","FirstCategoryId":"3","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1177/15578518261431688","RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"2026/3/14 0:00:00","PubModel":"Epub","JCR":"Q4","JCRName":"MEDICINE, RESEARCH & EXPERIMENTAL","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Background: In patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists improve glycemic control and have been shown to enhance stress regulation, potentially attenuating the cumulative impact of chronic stress. Despite these links, few studies have examined allostatic load in patients with T2DM treated with GLP-1s.
Objectives: To compare allostatic load among patients with T2DM treated with GLP-1s and three comparison groups: individuals without T2DM, individuals with T2DM not receiving medication treatment, and individuals with T2DM treated with non-GLP-1 medications.
Methods: We analyzed data from 16,830 adults in the 2007-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Medication status was based on self-reported prescription use within the past month. Allostatic load was calculated primarily using a 13 biomarker index spanning metabolic, autonomic, and immune function and secondarily using a modified score that excluded HbA1c and insulin resistance. General linear regression was used to assess associations, adjusting for sociodemographics, comorbidities, and health behaviors.
Results: Participants with T2DM treated with GLP-1s had higher allostatic load than those without T2DM (β = 1.57, 95% CI: 0.88, 2.25) but did not differ from participants with T2DM who were untreated or treated with non-GLP-1s. After excluding HbA1c and insulin resistance from the score, allostatic load in the GLP-1s-treated group was comparable across all comparison groups.
Conclusions: GLP-1 treatment was not associated with lower allostatic load compared with other treatment regimens in patients with T2DM. Longitudinal studies with neuroendocrine measures are needed to better characterize its effects on stress regulation.
期刊介绍：
Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders is the only peer-reviewed journal focusing solely on the pathophysiology, recognition, and treatment of this major health condition. The Journal meets the imperative for comprehensive research, data, and commentary on metabolic disorder as a suspected precursor to a wide range of diseases, including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, stroke, cancer, polycystic ovary syndrome, gout, and asthma.
Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders coverage includes:
-Insulin resistance-
Central obesity-
Glucose intolerance-
Dyslipidemia with elevated triglycerides-
Low HDL-cholesterol-
Microalbuminuria-
Predominance of small dense LDL-cholesterol particles-
Hypertension-
Endothelial dysfunction-
Oxidative stress-
Inflammation-
Related disorders of polycystic ovarian syndrome, fatty liver disease (NASH), and gout
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