Appraising impoliteness on X: A case study of Isabel Díaz Ayuso

IF 2.2 1区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Journal of Pragmatics Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-21 DOI:10.1016/j.pragma.2026.02.005

Sergei Sikorskii, María Luisa Carrió-Pastor

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

This study examines evaluative patterns in hostile replies to the Spanish politician Isabel Díaz Ayuso on X (formerly Twitter), combining Appraisal Theory with insights from digital-pragmatic and far-right discourse research. Through manual annotation of 498 Spanish-language replies collected between April and May 2025 – a period marked by renewed scandals surrounding Ayuso's administration – the analysis identifies how Judgment and Graduation resources construct gendered delegitimization. Five Judgment categories (Capacity, Tenacity, Normality, Veracity, Propriety) and multimodal intensification mechanisms (Force, Focus) were coded using diagnostic semantic criteria. Social Sanction judgments such as Propriety- (63.5 %) and Veracity- (20.4 %) vastly outweighed Social Esteem types, showing that moral blame and dishonesty dominate over competence critique. Intensification occurred in 70.1 % of replies—via typography, repetition, irony, and emoji-and 29.5 % contained explicitly gendered language, closely linked to Propriety- and Normality-evaluations (χ² = 52.85, p < 0.000001).

From these patterns, eleven recurrent impoliteness strategies were inductively derived, including sexualized moral judgment, ridicule, and clustered delegitimization. The paper advances the concept of evaluative gatekeeping, showing how moralized and gender-indexed assessments operate as pragmatic exclusion in online political discourse. Findings highlight how far-right communicative norms and gendered morality intersect to shape digital hostility toward female leaders.

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评价X上的不礼貌行为：以伊莎贝尔Díaz Ayuso为例

本研究将评价理论与来自数字语用学和极右翼话语研究的见解相结合，考察了X（以前的Twitter）上对西班牙政治家Isabel Díaz Ayuso的敌意回复中的评价模式。通过对2025年4月至5月期间收集的498份西班牙语回复的手工注释（这一时期围绕阿尤索政府的丑闻再次出现），分析确定了“判断”和“毕业”资源是如何构建性别非法化的。五个判断类别（能力、韧性、常态、真实性、适当）和多模态强化机制（力量、焦点）使用诊断语义标准进行编码。“得体”（63.5%）和“诚实”（20.4%）等社会制裁判断远远超过“社会尊重”类型，表明道德谴责和不诚实在能力批评中占主导地位。70.1%的回复出现了强化——通过排版、重复、讽刺和表情符号——29.5%的回复包含明确的性别语言，与得体性和常态性评估密切相关（χ2 = 52.85, p < 0.000001）。从这些模式中，归纳出了11种反复出现的不礼貌策略，包括性化的道德判断、嘲笑和聚集性的去合法化。本文提出了评估把关的概念，展示了道德和性别索引评估如何在在线政治话语中作为实用主义排斥运作。研究结果突显了极右翼的沟通规范和性别道德如何相互交织，形成了对女性领导人的数字敌意。

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来源期刊

Journal of Pragmatics Multiple-

CiteScore

3.90

自引率

18.80%

发文量

219

期刊介绍： Since 1977, the Journal of Pragmatics has provided a forum for bringing together a wide range of research in pragmatics, including cognitive pragmatics, corpus pragmatics, experimental pragmatics, historical pragmatics, interpersonal pragmatics, multimodal pragmatics, sociopragmatics, theoretical pragmatics and related fields. Our aim is to publish innovative pragmatic scholarship from all perspectives, which contributes to theories of how speakers produce and interpret language in different contexts drawing on attested data from a wide range of languages/cultures in different parts of the world. The Journal of Pragmatics also encourages work that uses attested language data to explore the relationship between pragmatics and neighbouring research areas such as semantics, discourse analysis, conversation analysis and ethnomethodology, interactional linguistics, sociolinguistics, linguistic anthropology, media studies, psychology, sociology, and the philosophy of language. Alongside full-length articles, discussion notes and book reviews, the journal welcomes proposals for high quality special issues in all areas of pragmatics which make a significant contribution to a topical or developing area at the cutting-edge of research.