Pesticide contamination in apicultural products: An updated and comprehensive review of analytical methods, occurrence, and safety concerns

IF 12.2 2区化学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL

Trends in Environmental Analytical Chemistry Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-10 DOI:10.1016/j.teac.2026.e00300

Adrián Fuente-Ballesteros , Maj Smerkol , Anton Gradišek , Artur Sarmento , Julie Fourrier , Mila Arapcheska , Zehra Hajrulai-Musliu , Filip Franeta , Željko Milovac , Sonja Gvozdenac , Nesrin İçli , Harun Kurtagić , Ina Pasho , Elena Zioga , Beatriz I. Vazquez , Damir Pavliček , Rosa Busquets , Jelena Ciric , Nurinisa Esenbuga , Miriam Cavaco , Iveta Pugajeva

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Honeybees and their products integrate landscape-level chemical exposure, making apicultural matrices valuable bioindicators for both food safety and environmental monitoring. This review summarizes current knowledge on pesticide residues in honey, pollen, beebread, beeswax, royal jelly, and propolis from 2019 to 2024, with an overview of analytical methodologies used in their determination. Multi-residue methods remain dominated by Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe (QuEChERS) extraction combined with liquid and gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry, while high-resolution MS enables broader screening. Highly polar pesticides, particularly glyphosate and its metabolites, require specialised single-residue approaches, such as the Quick Polar Pesticides (QuPPe) method and ion chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry (IC-HRMS). Co-occurrence patterns frequently involve mixtures of neonicotinoids, acaricides, and fungicides, reflecting combined agricultural and in-hive treatments. Regarding matrices, honey typically shows insecticide and acaricide residues, pollen concentrates fungicides and insecticides as the main exposure route, and beeswax acts as a long-term sink for lipophilic compounds; royal jelly generally exhibits the lowest contamination levels. Although exceedances of Maximum Residue Limits in honey remain uncommon in European monitoring programs, the presence of pesticide mixtures and limited residue data for bee-related products beyond honey raise concern. Future research should prioritize harmonized residue limits for all beekeeping matrices, standardized quality control and reporting practices, targeted mixture-toxicity assessment under realistic co-exposure scenarios, and the broader adoption of green, miniaturized, and matrix-tailored sample preparation strategies to enhance sensitivity, sustainability, and comparability across studies.

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农药污染在养蜂产品：最新的和全面的审查分析方法，发生和安全问题

蜜蜂及其产品整合了景观级化学暴露，使养蜂基质成为食品安全和环境监测的有价值的生物指标。本文综述了2019年至2024年蜂蜜、花粉、蜂面包、蜂蜡、蜂王浆和蜂胶中农药残留的最新研究进展，并概述了用于农药残留测定的分析方法。多残留方法仍然以快速，简单，廉价，有效，坚固和安全（QuEChERS）提取结合液相和气相色谱耦合串联质谱法为主，而高分辨率质谱法可以进行更广泛的筛选。高极性农药，特别是草甘膦及其代谢物，需要专门的单残留方法，如快速极性农药（QuPPe）方法和离子色谱-高分辨率质谱法（IC-HRMS）。共生模式经常涉及新烟碱类杀虫剂、杀螨剂和杀真菌剂的混合物，反映了农业和蜂房联合处理。在基质方面，蜂蜜通常显示杀虫剂和杀螨剂残留物，花粉浓缩物杀菌剂和杀虫剂是主要暴露途径，蜂蜡是亲脂化合物的长期储存库；蜂王浆通常具有最低的污染水平。尽管在欧洲的监测项目中，蜂蜜中超过最大残留限量的情况并不常见，但农药混合物的存在和蜂蜜以外与蜜蜂有关的产品中有限的残留数据引起了人们的关注。未来的研究应优先考虑所有养蜂基质的统一残留限量，标准化的质量控制和报告实践，在现实的共暴露情景下有针对性的混合物毒性评估，以及更广泛地采用绿色、小型化和基质定制的样品制备策略，以提高研究的敏感性、可持续性和可比性。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Trends in Environmental Analytical Chemistry Chemistry-Analytical Chemistry

CiteScore

21.20

自引率

2.70%

发文量

审稿时长

44 days

期刊介绍： Trends in Environmental Analytical Chemistry is an authoritative journal that focuses on the dynamic field of environmental analytical chemistry. It aims to deliver concise yet insightful overviews of the latest advancements in this field. By acquiring high-quality chemical data and effectively interpreting it, we can deepen our understanding of the environment. TrEAC is committed to keeping up with the fast-paced nature of environmental analytical chemistry by providing timely coverage of innovative analytical methods used in studying environmentally relevant substances and addressing related issues.