Virtual reality volumetric rendering versus cross-sectional imaging for pancreatic cancer resectability assessment: a pilot randomized controlled reader study.

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Current imaging assessment for pancreatic cancer resectability demonstrates problematic inter-observer variability, with only fair-to-moderate agreement among experienced raters. Virtual reality technology offers stereoscopic three-dimensional visualization that may improve diagnostic accuracy and agreement. However, optimal visualization strategies for clinical adoption remain unclear. METHODS: Ten hepatopancreatobiliary surgeons from two high-volume centers were randomized 1:1 to assess twelve contrast-enhanced CT cases using either VR volumetric rendering or CSI. Primary outcomes included inter-rater agreement, diagnostic accuracy against expert reference standard, assessment time, and surgeon confidence. Statistical analysis employed Fleiss’ κ for inter-rater agreement and two-sided Mann–Whitney U tests on surgeon-level summary measures for between-group comparisons. RESULTS: CSI display on 2D screens achieved substantial inter-rater agreement for resectability assessment (κ = 0.609) while VR demonstrated only slight agreement (κ = 0.127). Diagnostic accuracy was superior with CSI (84.7% vs. 79.7%), with the most pronounced difference in resectability determination (83.3% vs. 58.3%, p = 0.033). VR users reported significantly lower confidence (4.85 ± 1.15 vs. 6.32 ± 0.77, p = 0.028). Assessment times were comparable between groups (median 313.5 s vs. 327.5 s, p = 1.00). CONCLUSIONS: In this preliminary investigation, our VR visualization strategy demonstrated lower diagnostic accuracy and inter-rater agreement than CSI. However, prior studies suggest that VR systems employing alternative, hybrid visualization approaches may improve inter-rater agreement, indicating that visualization strategy, rather than VR technology per se, is the primary determinant of utility. TRIAL REGISTRATION: DRKS00033932 (German Clinical Trials Register), registered prospectively.