ECLARE: efficient cross-planar learning for anisotropic resolution enhancement.

Abstract

Purpose: In clinical imaging, magnetic resonance (MR) image volumes are often acquired as stacks of 2D slices with decreased scan times, improved signal-to-noise ratio, and image contrasts unique to 2D MR pulse sequences. Although this is sufficient for clinical evaluation, automated algorithms designed for 3D analysis perform poorly on multislice 2D MR volumes, especially those with thick slices and gaps between slices. Superresolution (SR) methods aim to address this problem, but previous methods do not address all of the following: slice profile shape estimation, slice gap, domain shift, and noninteger or arbitrary upsampling factors.

Approach: We propose ECLARE (Efficient Cross-planar Learning for Anisotropic Resolution Enhancement), a self-SR method that addresses each of these factors. ECLARE uses a slice profile estimated from the multislice 2D MR volume, trains a network to learn the mapping from low-resolution to high-resolution in-plane patches from the same volume, performs SR with antialiasing, and respects the image FOV during resampling. We compared ECLARE with cubic B-spline interpolation, SMORE, and other contemporary SR methods. We used realistic and representative simulations on human head MR volumes so that quantitative performance against ground truth can be computed. Specifically, healthy $T_1$ -w and people with MS $T_2$ -w FLAIR datasets were used for evaluations. We used the peak signal-to-noise ratio and structural similarity index measure as signal recovery metrics. We additionally used two independent brain parcellation algorithms, SLANT and SynthSeg, to compute the consistency Dice similarity coefficient and the $R^2$ coefficient of determination, respectively, as comparison metrics.

Results: For images with up to 5 mm of slice thickness and up to 1.5 mm of gap, ECLARE achieves greater mean PSNR and SSIM compared with other methods. In representative regions of interest, such as the ventricles, caudate, cerebral white matter, and cerebellar white matter, ECLARE performs comparably or better than other approaches. These trends are similar for both investigated datasets.

Conclusions: The use of slice profile estimation, FOV-aware resampling, and self-SR allowed ECLARE to robustly superresolve anisotropic images without the need for external training data. Future work will investigate the utility of ECLARE on other organs, species, modalities, and resolutions. Our code is open-source and available at https://www.github.com/sremedios/eclare.