Effect of ore characteristics on the extraction recovery of gold in the Carbon in Leach (CIL): geometallurgical approach on gold processing

IF 2.8 4区化学 Q3 CHEMISTRY, INORGANIC & NUCLEAR

Transition Metal Chemistry Pub Date : 2026-03-04 DOI:10.1007/s11243-026-00725-2

Ni’matul Azizah Raharjanti, Felix Arie Setiawan, Kris Tri Basuki, Moch Setyadji, Fika Rofiek, Gyan Prameswara, I. Wayan Warmada, Himawan Tri Bayu Murti Petrus

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Abstract

Gold mineralization in low-sulfidation epithermal systems is strongly controlled by vein-hosted quartz mineralization and associated hydrothermal alterations. This study evaluates the mineralogical and geometallurgical characteristics of ore samples using petrographic analysis, ore microscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and analytical spectral device (ASD), with gold recovery assessed through carbon-in-leach (CIL) testing. The ores are characterized by low sulfide contents (< 5%), dominated by pyrite with minor sphalerite, where visible gold was absent due to its submicroscopic nature. CIL testing on 49 samples (25 veins, 24 wallrocks) yielded average recoveries of 79.94% in quartz veins (range 56.53–95.44%) and a broad range of 27.42–94.64% in wallrock samples. Vein-hosted ores contained up to 6.11 ppm Au compared to ≤ 1.64 ppm in wallrock. Recovery efficiency varied systematically with alteration type: Type I (well-crystallized kaolinite) exhibited the lowest recoveries (< 50%), Type II (poorly crystalline kaolinite–smectite) achieved higher values (60–90%), and Type III (chlorite–kaolinite assemblages) showed wide variability (30–80%). Geochemical analysis demonstrated that sulfur content, primarily from pyrite, negatively correlated with recovery (r = − 0.763; R² = 58.3%), whereas Au grade exerted a strong positive influence on CIL recovery in vein samples (r = 0.94; R² = 88.3%). These findings underscore the critical roles of clay mineralogy and sulfide abundance in governing CIL performance and highlight the necessity of detailed geometallurgical characterization to optimize processing strategies in epithermal gold systems.

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矿石特征对浸出炭中金提取回收率的影响——金处理的地质冶金方法

低硫化浅成热液系统中的金矿化受脉状石英矿化及其伴生热液蚀变的强烈控制。本研究利用岩相分析、矿石显微、x射线衍射（XRD）和分析光谱仪（ASD）对矿石样品的矿物学和地学特征进行了评价，并通过浸出碳（CIL）测试评估了金的回收率。矿石硫化物含量低（< 5%），以黄铁矿为主，少量闪锌矿，由于其亚显微性质，没有可见的金。49个样品（25个矿脉，24个围岩）的CIL测试结果表明，石英矿脉的平均回收率为79.94%(56.53 ~ 95.44%)，围岩样品的平均回收率为27.42 ~ 94.64%。脉状矿石中金含量高达6.11 ppm，而围岩中金含量≤1.64 ppm。不同蚀变类型的回收率差异较大：I型（高岭石结晶良好）的回收率最低（50%），II型（高岭石-蒙脱石结晶较差）的回收率较高（60-90%），III型（绿泥石-高岭石组合）的回收率差异较大（30-80%）。地球化学分析表明，以黄铁矿为主的硫含量与回收率呈负相关（r = - 0.763, r²= 58.3%），而Au品位对矿脉样品中CIL回收率有较强的正相关影响（r = 0.94, r²= 88.3%）。这些发现强调了粘土矿物学和硫化物丰度在控制CIL性能中的关键作用，并强调了详细的地学表征对优化浅低温热液金系统处理策略的必要性。

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来源期刊

Transition Metal Chemistry 化学-无机化学与核化学

CiteScore

3.60

自引率

0.00%

发文量

审稿时长

1.3 months

期刊介绍： Transition Metal Chemistry is an international journal designed to deal with all aspects of the subject embodied in the title: the preparation of transition metal-based molecular compounds of all kinds (including complexes of the Group 12 elements), their structural, physical, kinetic, catalytic and biological properties, their use in chemical synthesis as well as their application in the widest context, their role in naturally occurring systems etc. Manuscripts submitted to the journal should be of broad appeal to the readership and for this reason, papers which are confined to more specialised studies such as the measurement of solution phase equilibria or thermal decomposition studies, or papers which include extensive material on f-block elements, or papers dealing with non-molecular materials, will not normally be considered for publication. Work describing new ligands or coordination geometries must provide sufficient evidence for the confident assignment of structural formulae; this will usually take the form of one or more X-ray crystal structures.