Toward Net-Zero: Pioneering Materials and Technologies for a Sustainable Built Future

Abstract

The construction industry is a major contributor to global carbon dioxide emissions. Portland cement concrete produces high emissions due to energy-intensive processes and calcination. Zero-carbon concrete is emerging as a sustainable alternative that reduces or eliminates these emissions. This review examines recent developments in zero-carbon concrete using the PRISMA approach. It explores low-carbon binders including fly ash, slag, calcined clays, and limestone that replace cement and lower emissions. The use of recycled aggregates and supplementary cementitious materials further improves sustainability. Advanced production methods such as carbon capture, CO₂ curing, 3D printing, self-healing systems, and nanomaterial integration are discussed for their role in enhancing performance and reducing environmental impact. Comparative analysis shows that zero-carbon concrete can match or surpass conventional concrete in compressive and flexural strength, durability, and workability. Lifecycle assessments indicate that material substitution, waste valorization, and circular economy practices are key to lowering the overall carbon footprint. Economic factors including initial costs and long-term benefits are also evaluated. The review highlights challenges such as limited raw material supply, cost, scalability, and the need for standardized design and testing protocols. Future directions include pilot-scale validation, local adaptation strategies, and integration of sustainability metrics into design standards. Collaborative efforts from researchers, industry, and policymakers are essential to accelerate the adoption of zero-carbon concrete. This study confirms that zero-carbon concrete is a viable pathway toward sustainable construction and can play a central role in achieving net-zero goals.