Geochemical and Statistical Analysis of Terra Rossa Clay Minerals: a Case Study from Osmaniye Almanpinari Region, Türkiye

Abstract

This study examines the mineralogical composition, geochemical properties, and origin of the red clays from the Almanpınarı region (Osmaniye, Türkiye), which are akin to Mediterranean-type Terra Rossa soils. Mineralogical investigations, specifically X-ray diffraction (XRD), indicated that the predominant clay minerals are illite, kaolinite, and smectite. Geochemical data acquired by XRF and ICP-MS techniques suggest that these clays originate from the extensive chemical weathering of felsic parent rocks, as demonstrated by increased Al₂O₃, Fe₂O₃, and light rare earth element (LREE) concentrations. The samples demonstrate low CaO content and elevated SiO₂/Al₂O₃ ratios, indicating significant leaching and minimal carbonate impact. Statistical assessments, such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and correlation analyses, substantiate the genetic association between mineralogical characteristics and elemental distributions. The findings align with international research on Terra Rossa formations, indicating that the red clays in the Almanpınarı region are polygenetic, having originated from diverse climatic and tectonic conditions. This research presents a comprehensive geochemical and statistical analysis that enhances our understanding of the Terra Rossa clay formation processes and their environmental implications.