PM2.5 and its chemical components interact with hypoxia to increase the risk of hospitalization for peripheral arterial disease

IF 13.4

Eco-Environment & Health Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-11 DOI:10.1016/j.eehl.2026.100221

Li He , Ce Liu , Baofeng Zhou , Hao Zhao , Zhaoru Yang , Erkai Zhou , Huan Chen , Huanhuan Wei , Ququmo Guoji , Yuxin He , Bin Luo

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Abstract

This study investigated the combined effects of fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) exposure and ambient oxygen (O₂) availability on peripheral artery disease (PAD) hospitalizations in Gansu Province, China, from 2018 to 2022 (N = 38,514). A time-series case-crossover design with conditional logistic regression assessed short-term exposure to daily PM_2.5 and its major chemical components (black carbon [BC], organic carbon [OC], sulfate [SO₄²⁻], nitrate [NO₃⁻], ammonium [NH₄⁺], and chloride [Cl⁻]). Atmospheric O₂ levels were estimated based on altitude, temperature, and humidity. Short-term exposure to PM_2.5 was associated with an increased risk of PAD hospitalization, notably at lag 1 (odds ratio [OR] = 1.003; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.002–1.004). Carbonaceous pollutants exhibited delayed effects, with peak associations at lag 6 for BC (OR = 1.069; 95% CI: 1.035–1.105) and OC (OR = 1.028; 95% CI: 1.011–1.050), per 1 μg/m³ increase. Secondary inorganic aerosols showed acute effects at lag 1: Cl⁻ (OR = 1.107; 95% CI: 1.063–1.150), NH₄⁺ (OR = 1.040; 95% CI: 1.022–1.060), SO₄²⁻ (OR = 1.025; 95% CI: 1.015–1.036), and NO₃⁻ (OR = 1.030; 95% CI: 1.018–1.042), per 1 μg/m³ increase. Nonlinear exposure–response curves revealed a stronger PAD risk under lower O₂ conditions (<18%). The PM_2.5-related risk was amplified in high-altitude residents (>1500 m), older adults (>60 years), females, emergency admissions, and during the cold season. These findings suggest that ambient PM_2.5 and lower O₂ levels interact synergistically to elevate PAD hospitalization risk, emphasizing the urgent need for region-specific air quality controls and targeted health protection strategies.

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PM2.5及其化学成分与缺氧相互作用，增加外周动脉疾病住院的风险。

本研究调查了2018年至2022年中国甘肃省细颗粒物（PM2.5）暴露和环境氧气（O2）可用性对外周动脉疾病（PAD）住院的综合影响（N = 38,514）。采用时间序列病例交叉设计和条件logistic回归评估了PM2.5及其主要化学成分（黑碳[BC]、有机碳[OC]、硫酸盐[SO4 2-]、硝酸盐[NO3 -]、铵[NH4 +]和氯化物[Cl-]）的短期暴露情况。大气中的氧含量是根据海拔、温度和湿度来估计的。短期暴露于PM2.5与PAD住院风险增加相关，特别是滞后1（优势比[OR] = 1.003； 95%可信区间[CI]: 1.002-1.004）。碳质污染物表现出延迟效应，每增加1 μg/m3， BC （OR = 1.069, 95% CI: 1.035-1.105）和OC （OR = 1.028, 95% CI: 1.011-1.050）在滞后6时达到峰值。二次无机气溶胶在滞后期1表现出急性效应：每增加1 μg/m3， Cl- (OR = 1.107, 95% CI: 1.063-1.150)、NH4 + (OR = 1.040, 95% CI: 1.022-1.060)、SO4 - (OR = 1.025, 95% CI: 1.015-1.036)和NO3 - (OR = 1.030, 95% CI: 1.018-1.042)。非线性暴露-反应曲线显示，低氧条件下PAD风险更强（2.5相关风险在高海拔居民（100 ~ 1500 m）、老年人（100 ~ 60岁）、女性、急诊入院者和寒冷季节被放大）。这些研究结果表明，环境PM2.5和较低的O2水平协同作用可提高PAD住院风险，强调迫切需要针对特定区域的空气质量控制和有针对性的健康保护策略。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Eco-Environment & Health 环境科学与生态学-生态、环境与健康

CiteScore

11.00

自引率

0.00%

发文量

审稿时长

22 days

期刊介绍： Eco-Environment & Health (EEH) is an international and multidisciplinary peer-reviewed journal designed for publications on the frontiers of the ecology, environment and health as well as their related disciplines. EEH focuses on the concept of “One Health” to promote green and sustainable development, dealing with the interactions among ecology, environment and health, and the underlying mechanisms and interventions. Our mission is to be one of the most important flagship journals in the field of environmental health. Scopes EEH covers a variety of research areas, including but not limited to ecology and biodiversity conservation, environmental behaviors and bioprocesses of emerging contaminants, human exposure and health effects, and evaluation, management and regulation of environmental risks. The key topics of EEH include: 1) Ecology and Biodiversity Conservation Biodiversity Ecological restoration Ecological safety Protected area 2) Environmental and Biological Fate of Emerging Contaminants Environmental behaviors Environmental processes Environmental microbiology 3) Human Exposure and Health Effects Environmental toxicology Environmental epidemiology Environmental health risk Food safety 4) Evaluation, Management and Regulation of Environmental Risks Chemical safety Environmental policy Health policy Health economics Environmental remediation