{"title":"Galantamine supplementation and rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review of current research and molecular mechanisms.","authors":"Niloufar Orooji, Fatemeh Ahmadi, Zeinab Javadivala, Aida Malek Mahdavi, Mehdi Jafarpour","doi":"10.1080/08923973.2026.2635989","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease that can cause serious joint destruction if not properly managed. Despite established treatments, many patients struggle to find meaningful relief, emphasizing the need for new treatments. Galantamine (GAL), a naturally occurring alkaloid and acetylcholinesterase inhibitor with anti-inflammatory effects, has showed promise in preclinical RA research.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This systematic review assessed GAL's potential in RA by searching PubMed, Scopus, ISI Web of Science, and Google Scholar until June 2025, with no language or date restrictions. We omitted review articles, conference abstracts, book chapters, and studies that combined GAL with other substances or diseases. There was no human or <i>in vitro</i> research found, so seven eligible animal studies were analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Evidence suggests that GAL improves RA outcomes by lowering inflammation and oxidative stress, blocking angiogenesis, and exhibiting anti-arthritic effects. These findings imply that GAL could be an effective treatment for RA. However, the available evidence is limited to animal models, and well-designed clinical trials are required to prove its efficacy and safety in people.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This review emphasizes GAL's therapeutic potential as well as the critical need for translational research to bridge the gap between preclinical and clinical applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":13420,"journal":{"name":"Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology","volume":" ","pages":"224-233"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1000,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology","FirstCategoryId":"3","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08923973.2026.2635989","RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"2026/2/25 0:00:00","PubModel":"Epub","JCR":"Q3","JCRName":"IMMUNOLOGY","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Objective: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease that can cause serious joint destruction if not properly managed. Despite established treatments, many patients struggle to find meaningful relief, emphasizing the need for new treatments. Galantamine (GAL), a naturally occurring alkaloid and acetylcholinesterase inhibitor with anti-inflammatory effects, has showed promise in preclinical RA research.
Methods: This systematic review assessed GAL's potential in RA by searching PubMed, Scopus, ISI Web of Science, and Google Scholar until June 2025, with no language or date restrictions. We omitted review articles, conference abstracts, book chapters, and studies that combined GAL with other substances or diseases. There was no human or in vitro research found, so seven eligible animal studies were analyzed.
Results: Evidence suggests that GAL improves RA outcomes by lowering inflammation and oxidative stress, blocking angiogenesis, and exhibiting anti-arthritic effects. These findings imply that GAL could be an effective treatment for RA. However, the available evidence is limited to animal models, and well-designed clinical trials are required to prove its efficacy and safety in people.
Conclusion: This review emphasizes GAL's therapeutic potential as well as the critical need for translational research to bridge the gap between preclinical and clinical applications.
目的：类风湿关节炎（RA）是一种慢性炎症性疾病，如果治疗不当，可导致严重的关节破坏。尽管有现有的治疗方法，但许多患者仍难以找到有意义的缓解，这强调了对新治疗方法的需求。加兰他敏（GAL）是一种天然存在的生物碱和乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制剂，具有抗炎作用，在临床前RA研究中显示出前景。方法：本系统综述通过检索PubMed、Scopus、ISI Web of Science和谷歌Scholar，直到2025年6月，不受语言和日期限制，评估GAL在RA中的潜力。我们省略了综述文章、会议摘要、书籍章节以及将GAL与其他物质或疾病相结合的研究。没有发现人体或体外研究，因此分析了7项符合条件的动物研究。结果：有证据表明，GAL通过降低炎症和氧化应激，阻断血管生成，并表现出抗关节炎的作用来改善RA的预后。这些发现暗示GAL可能是治疗类风湿性关节炎的有效方法。然而，现有的证据仅限于动物模型，需要精心设计的临床试验来证明其在人体中的有效性和安全性。结论：这篇综述强调了GAL的治疗潜力，以及对转化研究的迫切需要，以弥合临床前和临床应用之间的差距。
期刊介绍：
The journal Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology is devoted to pre-clinical and clinical drug discovery and development targeting the immune system. Research related to the immunoregulatory effects of various compounds, including small-molecule drugs and biologics, on immunocompetent cells and immune responses, as well as the immunotoxicity exerted by xenobiotics and drugs. Only research that describe the mechanisms of specific compounds (not extracts) is of interest to the journal.
The journal will prioritise preclinical and clinical studies on immunotherapy of disorders such as chronic inflammation, allergy, autoimmunity, cancer etc. The effects of small-drugs, vaccines and biologics against central immunological targets as well as cell-based therapy, including dendritic cell therapy, T cell adoptive transfer and stem cell therapy, are topics of particular interest. Publications pointing towards potential new drug targets within the immune system or novel technology for immunopharmacological drug development are also welcome.
With an immunoscience focus on drug development, immunotherapy and toxicology, the journal will cover areas such as infection, allergy, inflammation, tumor immunology, degenerative disorders, immunodeficiencies, neurology, atherosclerosis and more.
Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology will accept original manuscripts, brief communications, commentaries, mini-reviews, reviews, clinical trials and clinical cases, on the condition that the results reported are based on original, clinical, or basic research that has not been published elsewhere in any journal in any language (except in abstract form relating to paper communicated to scientific meetings and symposiums).
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