Depression and apathy: examining an overlooked dimension.

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Apathy is a significant yet frequently overlooked aspect of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), often confused with anhedonia, and with the potential to influence clinical outcomes and quality of life regardless of the severity of depressive symptoms. Despite its importance, the relationship between apathy and depression remains underrepresented in current research. This study aims to assess the prevalence of apathy in a sample of outpatients affected by MDD and to explore its clinical, cognitive, and functional correlates. METHODS: Outpatients with MDD (n = 154) during a clinical stability phase have been assessed using the Apathy Evaluation Scale-Clinician version (AES-C), Dimensional Apathy Scale (I-DAS), MADRS, BDI-II, MMSE, PANSS, EQ-5D-3 L, and CGI-S. Patients were categorized into two groups according to the presence/absence of apathy (AES-C score ≥ 42). Groups comparison and a stepwise logistic regression were run to identify clinical differences between groups and the predictors of apathy. RESULTS: Apathy was detected in 48% of the sample. Patients with apathy scored higher on depression scales, had lower cognitive performance, more negative and general psychopathology, greater clinical severity, and reduced quality of life. Significant differences emerged in initiation and executive apathy. Logistic regression identified MADRS item 8 “inability to feel” and BDI-II item 12 “loss of interest” as the factors showing the strongest association with apathy. CONCLUSION: Apathy is a prevalent and clinically relevant feature in MDD, associated with greater psychopathology and functional impairment. Findings support the need to routinely assess apathy in clinical setting, even during symptomatic stability phases. Specific symptoms may serve as key markers for its identification.