Comparative evaluation of remineralizing potential of galla chinensis with nanohydroxyapatite, chicken egg shell and fish scale derived nanohydroxyapatite on early enamel caries- A single-blinded In vitro study

Q1 Medicine

Journal of oral biology and craniofacial research Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-12 DOI:10.1016/j.jobcr.2026.101417

Bazila Malik , Sonali Taneja , Ramesh Bharti , Abhik Mukherjee

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Objective(s)

This study aimed to evaluate and compare the remineralization potential of plant-based Galla chinensis extract (GCE) with nanohydroxyapatite (nHAp), chicken eggshell-derived nHAp (CES nHAp), and fish scale-derived nHAp (FS nHAp), against casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate fluoride (CPP-ACPF), on early artificial enamel lesions in human premolars.

Materials and methods

A total of 148 human premolar specimens were prepared and demineralized to simulate early enamel caries, with five intact samples serving as baseline controls. Among these, 48 samples underwent surface microhardness testing using the Vickers hardness test, 60 were analyzed for lesion depth using Polarized Light Microscopy (PLM), 30 for elemental composition using Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, and 10 for surface morphology using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The specimens were randomly assigned into five groups: demineralized control, CPP-ACPF, GCE with nHAp, CES nHAp, and FS nHAp. A seven-day pH cycling regimen simulated the oral environment. Microhardness values before demineralization (SMH1), after demineralization (SMH2), and after remineralization (SMH3) were recorded to calculate percentage surface microhardness recovery (%SMHR).

Results

The GCE nHAp group exhibited the highest %SMHR and the shallowest lesion depth, with EDX confirming a significantly higher calcium-to-phosphorus ratio. SEM images revealed smoother, more uniform surfaces in this group. CES nHAp and CPP-ACPF demonstrated moderate remineralizing effects, while FS nHAp showed the least efficacy, with no significant difference from CPP-ACPF.

Conclusion(s)

GCE combined with nHAp was the most effective remineralizing agent, followed by CES nHAp and CPP-ACPF. These findings suggest that natural plant- and animal-derived biomaterials offer promising, biocompatible alternatives for non-invasive enamel caries management.

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纳米羟基磷灰石、鸡蛋壳和鱼鳞纳米羟基磷灰石对早期牙釉质龋再矿化潜力的比较研究

目的：本研究旨在评估和比较植物基五倍子提取物（GCE）与纳米羟基磷灰石（nHAp）、鸡蛋壳源性nHAp （CES nHAp）和鱼鳞源性nHAp （FS nHAp）对酪蛋白磷酸肽-无晶态磷酸氟化钙（CPP-ACPF）对人类前磨牙早期人工牙釉质损伤的再矿化潜力。材料和方法：制备148个人类前磨牙标本，进行脱矿处理，模拟早期牙釉质龋病，5个完整标本作为基线对照。其中，48个样品使用维氏硬度测试进行表面显微硬度测试，60个样品使用偏振光显微镜（PLM）分析损伤深度，30个样品使用能量色散x射线（EDX）光谱分析元素组成，10个样品使用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）分析表面形貌。将标本随机分为脱矿对照组、CPP-ACPF组、GCE + nHAp组、CES nHAp组和FS nHAp组。七天的pH循环方案模拟口腔环境。记录脱矿前（SMH1）、脱矿后（SMH2）和再矿化后（SMH3）的显微硬度值，计算表面显微硬度恢复百分比（%SMHR）。结果：GCE nHAp组SMHR百分比最高，病变深度最浅，EDX证实钙磷比明显较高。扫描电镜图像显示，这一组的表面更光滑，更均匀。CES nHAp和CPP-ACPF的再矿化效果中等，而FS nHAp的再矿化效果最差，与CPP-ACPF的再矿化效果无显著差异。结论：GCE联合nHAp是最有效的再矿化剂，其次是CES nHAp和CPP-ACPF。这些发现表明，天然植物和动物来源的生物材料为非侵入性牙釉质龋治疗提供了有前途的、生物相容性的替代品。

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来源期刊

Journal of oral biology and craniofacial research Medicine-Otorhinolaryngology

CiteScore

4.90

自引率

0.00%

发文量

133

审稿时长

167 days

期刊介绍： Journal of Oral Biology and Craniofacial Research (JOBCR)is the official journal of the Craniofacial Research Foundation (CRF). The journal aims to provide a common platform for both clinical and translational research and to promote interdisciplinary sciences in craniofacial region. JOBCR publishes content that includes diseases, injuries and defects in the head, neck, face, jaws and the hard and soft tissues of the mouth and jaws and face region; diagnosis and medical management of diseases specific to the orofacial tissues and of oral manifestations of systemic diseases; studies on identifying populations at risk of oral disease or in need of specific care, and comparing regional, environmental, social, and access similarities and differences in dental care between populations; diseases of the mouth and related structures like salivary glands, temporomandibular joints, facial muscles and perioral skin; biomedical engineering, tissue engineering and stem cells. The journal publishes reviews, commentaries, peer-reviewed original research articles, short communication, and case reports.