Design and Numerical Optimisation of Pyramid-Structured Indium Tin Oxide Electrodes for Transparent Perovskite Solar Cells

Abstract

Transparent perovskite solar cells (T-PSCs) offer a promising solution for integrating photovoltaic technology into windows and other transparent surfaces without compromising aesthetics. In this study, a periodic oxide–dielectric–oxide (ITO/ZnS/ITO) structure is designed and numerically optimised to enhance optical absorption whilst maintaining high transparency. Using CST Microwave Studio, a unit cell is simulated to analyse absorption, transmission, and reflection spectra and evaluate the optical performance of the proposed structure. The optimised design exhibited an average absorption of approximately 93% with a peak of 98% and an average visible transmission of 92%. Owing to its symmetrical geometry, the proposed structure showed insensitivity to both oblique incidence and polarisation angles. The absorption behaviour has been further verified using multiple reflection theory, which showed good agreement with the simulation results. Additionally, antireflection coatings are incorporated to achieve maximum transmission and thermal stability. Overall, the proposed ITO-based structure demonstrates effective light trapping and represents a strong candidate for integration into transparent perovskite solar cell applications.