Resilient low-inertia power systems through asynchronous energy balancing

Abstract

Low-carbon power systems with decreasing inertia are challenging traditional operational principles based on a global synchronous frequency, turning rigid synchronism into a growing threat to power system stability. In this Perspective, we discuss a bottom-up vision for compartmentalizing power systems into multiple asynchronous and independent subsystems. These subsystems, operating under different technologies, can form an asynchronous power system architecture that balances energy through a store-and-forward-like approach. Building on advances in smart power electronics, the proposed asynchronous conjecture avoids synchronism by proactively routing dynamic energy streams between those asynchronous subsystems, drawing inspiration from the principles of the Internet and telecommunications. Cyber–physical system theory, low-latency communication systems, novel abstraction and modelling principles, and the growing availability of energy storage emerge as enablers for this shift. The new paradigm can enhance power system resilience, support long-term sustainability goals, maximize energy independence and energy security, and create socio-economic opportunities. The transition to low-carbon energy resources necessitates resilient power grids capable of handling low-inertia system dynamics. This Perspective proposes an Internet-inspired power system set-up composed of independent, asynchronous compartments able to balance energy across the entire grid.