Study on extinguishing wood crib fires using ammonium polyphosphate-modified dry water

IF 5.5 2区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL

Powder Technology Pub Date : 2026-05-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-09 DOI:10.1016/j.powtec.2026.122261

Jianshe Xu , Quan Wang , Yaoyong Yang , Dingyu Feng , Rui Li , Kaiyan Lu , Yingjian Cao

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Abstract

To develop efficient forest fire extinguishing agents, this study optimized the preparation process of core-shell structured dry water (DW) using high-speed dispersion. Flame-retardant ammonium polyphosphate (APP) was introduced to modify the DW. The physical properties of the resulting materials, including bulk density, fluidity, particle size, moisture retention, and thermal stability, were characterized. The extinguishing efficiency and flame retardancy were evaluated by analyzing temperature data collected along the central axis of a wood crib using a thermocouple monitoring system. The results indicated that the optimal preparation parameters-a solid-to-liquid ratio (m_SiO₂:m_sol) of 1:10, a dispersion speed of 6000 rpm, and a dispersion time of 90 s yielded uniform DW particles without agglomeration. Compared to pure water-based dry water (Pure-DW), the ammonium polyphosphate-modified dry water (APP-DW) exhibited a slightly higher bulk density, smaller and more concentrated particle size, superior fluidity, improved moisture retention, and a multi-stage mass loss profile in the TG curve. Regarding the wood crib surface temperature, the APP-DW demonstrated a 9.76% increase in the instantaneous cooling rate and a 61.43% increase in the average cooling rate within 10 s compared to Pure-DW. Furthermore, upon deliberate reignition attempts, the modified DW made ignition more difficult, reduced the intense combustion duration by 40%, and prolonged the smoldering time by 30%. The enhanced performance is attributed to the mechanisms of isolation, heat absorption, interruption of chain reactions, and capture of free radicals by the APP-DW. This study provides a theoretical foundation for developing rapid-extinguishing and highly efficient flame-retardant forest firefighting agents.

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聚磷酸铵改性干水扑灭木床火灾的研究

为了开发高效的森林灭火剂，本研究优化了高速分散制备核壳结构干水（DW）的工艺。采用阻燃型聚磷酸铵（APP）对DW进行改性。所得到的材料的物理性质，包括体积密度、流动性、粒度、保湿性和热稳定性，都进行了表征。利用热电偶监测系统对沿木槽中轴线采集的温度数据进行了分析，评价了其灭火效率和阻燃性。结果表明，最佳制备参数为固液比（msio2:msol）为1:10，分散速度为6000 rpm，分散时间为90 s，可获得均匀无团聚的DW颗粒。与纯水基干水（pure - dw）相比，聚磷酸铵改性干水（APP-DW）具有稍高的堆积密度、更小且更浓缩的粒径、更强的流动性、更好的保湿性和多段质量损失曲线。在木槽表面温度方面，APP-DW的瞬时冷却速率比Pure-DW提高了9.76%，10 s内平均冷却速率比Pure-DW提高了61.43%。此外，经过刻意的重燃尝试，改进的DW使点火更加困难，减少了40%的强烈燃烧持续时间，延长了30%的阴燃时间。这种增强的性能归因于APP-DW的隔离、吸热、中断链式反应和捕获自由基的机制。本研究为开发快速灭火、高效阻燃的森林灭火剂提供了理论依据。

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来源期刊

Powder Technology 工程技术-工程：化工

CiteScore

9.90

自引率

15.40%

发文量

1047

审稿时长

46 days

期刊介绍： Powder Technology is an International Journal on the Science and Technology of Wet and Dry Particulate Systems. Powder Technology publishes papers on all aspects of the formation of particles and their characterisation and on the study of systems containing particulate solids. No limitation is imposed on the size of the particles, which may range from nanometre scale, as in pigments or aerosols, to that of mined or quarried materials. The following list of topics is not intended to be comprehensive, but rather to indicate typical subjects which fall within the scope of the journal's interests: Formation and synthesis of particles by precipitation and other methods. Modification of particles by agglomeration, coating, comminution and attrition. Characterisation of the size, shape, surface area, pore structure and strength of particles and agglomerates (including the origins and effects of inter particle forces). Packing, failure, flow and permeability of assemblies of particles. Particle-particle interactions and suspension rheology. Handling and processing operations such as slurry flow, fluidization, pneumatic conveying. Interactions between particles and their environment, including delivery of particulate products to the body. Applications of particle technology in production of pharmaceuticals, chemicals, foods, pigments, structural, and functional materials and in environmental and energy related matters. For materials-oriented contributions we are looking for articles revealing the effect of particle/powder characteristics (size, morphology and composition, in that order) on material performance or functionality and, ideally, comparison to any industrial standard.