Fabrication of bamboo waste pellets as efficient adsorbents for methylene blue removal

Abstract

Raw bamboo waste was effectively pelletized to produce bamboo waste pellets (BWPs), which are sustainable adsorbents for removing methylene blue (MB). The physicochemical features, bulk density, moisture content, mass loss, surface functional groups, and crystallite structures of the BWPs were investigated to explain their attributes. For initial MB concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg/L, adsorption experiments demonstrated that the MB removal efficiency was over 90% at the 1.0 g BWP dosage. The adsorption behavior was well-adapted because of a monolayer-dominated mechanism with partial multilayer adsorption on heterogeneous surfaces with a maximum adsorption capacity of 0.273 mg/g. The BWPs were able to maintain high adsorption effectiveness across several adsorption-desorption cycles due to the outstanding mechanical stability and effective recovery of the pelletized structure. MB adsorption was enhanced under alkaline conditions by the stronger electrostatic attraction and surface activity, according to studies of pH dependency. BWPs may be used as green adsorbents in wastewater treatment processes, making the usage of agricultural wastes in a more environmentally responsible manner. These findings show that BWPs can provide outstanding adsorption efficacy and reusability, making them an affordable, eco-friendly, and scalable wastewater treatment solution that also makes it easier to value agricultural residues.