Distribution of Clomiphene and Its Metabolites in Antidoping Samples—A 3-Year Perspective

IF 2.7 3区医学 Q2 BIOCHEMICAL RESEARCH METHODS

Drug Testing and Analysis Pub Date : 2026-03-13 Epub Date: 2026-02-11 DOI:10.1002/dta.70036

Vinod S. Nair, Mari Heybroek, Geoffrey D. Miller, Chad Moore, Thane Campbell, Daniel Eichner

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Abstract

Clomiphene use substantially enhances endogenous testosterone production in males. Consequently, it is included under Section 4.2 of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) Prohibited List and prohibited at all times (in and out of competition). Previous research has highlighted the prolonged excretion and detection windows for clomiphene and its metabolites after cessation of use. In addition to therapeutic use in humans, clomiphene may also be used to increase egg production in laying hens. Accordingly, clomiphene and/or its metabolites may also be detected in human urine after consumption of eggs or meat from treated poultry. To address some of these complexities, WADA has issued targeted guidance in Technical Letter TL26, mandating a minimum reporting level for clomiphene. This short communication evaluates results from clomiphene findings in 325 urine samples over the past 3 years and examines how reporting would be affected by the criteria outlined in TL26.

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克罗米芬及其代谢物在反兴奋剂样品中的分布——3年的观察。

克罗米芬的使用大大提高了男性内源性睾酮的产生。因此，它被列入世界反兴奋剂机构（WADA）禁用清单第4.2条，并且在任何时候（比赛中和比赛外）都被禁止。先前的研究强调了停药后克罗米芬及其代谢物的排泄和检测窗口的延长。克罗米芬除用于人体治疗外，还可用于增加蛋鸡的产蛋量。因此，克罗米芬和/或其代谢物也可在食用处理过的家禽的蛋或肉后的人类尿液中检测到。为了解决这些复杂问题，世界反兴奋剂机构在技术函TL26中发布了有针对性的指导，规定了克罗米芬的最低报告水平。本简短通报评估了过去3年325份尿液样本中克罗米芬发现的结果，并检查了TL26中概述的标准如何影响报告。

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来源期刊

Drug Testing and Analysis BIOCHEMICAL RESEARCH METHODS-CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL

CiteScore

5.90

自引率

24.10%

发文量

191

审稿时长

2.3 months

期刊介绍： As the incidence of drugs escalates in 21st century living, their detection and analysis have become increasingly important. Sport, the workplace, crime investigation, homeland security, the pharmaceutical industry and the environment are just some of the high profile arenas in which analytical testing has provided an important investigative tool for uncovering the presence of extraneous substances. In addition to the usual publishing fare of primary research articles, case reports and letters, Drug Testing and Analysis offers a unique combination of; ‘How to’ material such as ‘Tutorials’ and ‘Reviews’, Speculative pieces (‘Commentaries’ and ‘Perspectives'', providing a broader scientific and social context to the aspects of analytical testing), ‘Annual banned substance reviews’ (delivering a critical evaluation of the methods used in the characterization of established and newly outlawed compounds). Rather than focus on the application of a single technique, Drug Testing and Analysis employs a unique multidisciplinary approach to the field of controversial compound determination. Papers discussing chromatography, mass spectrometry, immunological approaches, 1D/2D gel electrophoresis, to name just a few select methods, are welcomed where their application is related to any of the six key topics listed below.