Modified metal-organic frameworks as efficient heterogeneous catalysts for the ring-opening of epoxides with alcohols

Abstract

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have appeared as a class of versatile heterogeneous catalysts due to their adjustable porosity, structural diversity, and functionalizable active sites. Among their several catalytic applications, the catalytic ring-opening of epoxides with alcohols has attracted significant attention, as it provides efficient access to beneficial beta-alkoxy alcohols under mild and environmentally benign conditions. This review provides a summary of recent progress in the design and post-synthetic modification of MOFs that promote their activity, selectivity, and stability in the ring-opening of epoxides with alcohols. Emphasis is placed on key strategies, including defect engineering, incorporation of Brønsted and Lewis acidic sites, and ligand-functionalization approaches, which adjust the catalytic efficiency. Representative studies reveal how structural tuning, node modification, and the creation of cooperative catalytic sites enable their high activity and selectivity. By providing an integrated perspective on the structure-activity relationships, this review underscores the potential of MOFs as durable, recyclable, and highly efficient catalysts for sustainable epoxide transformations. Future directions for rational design of MOFs and development for broader substrate scope and industrial utilization are also discussed.