Sphenopalatine ganglion stimulation: Clinical applications and innovative development

Abstract

The sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG) is a critical parasympathetic ganglion located beneath the maxillary nerves. Its anatomical structure and function play key roles in the regulation of cerebral blood vessels, the autonomic nervous system, and various headache-related disorders. In recent years, SPG stimulation (SPGS) has been widely applied in both invasive and acupuncture-mediated clinical practice. This paper outlines the current clinical applications of SPGS in treating conditions such as headaches, strokes, and rhinitis, and explores how innovative technologies, including ultrasound-guided techniques and single-use sterile electrode acupuncture needles, may enhance therapeutic efficacy. The potential future development of SPGS in the field of neuromodulation is also discussed.