Exploiting the penetration depth of XRF and NIR radiation: from 2D to 3D spectral imaging

IF 12 1区化学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL

Trends in Analytical Chemistry Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-23 DOI:10.1016/j.trac.2026.118693

Zelan Li , Carolina Scagliarini , Alberto Mazzoleni , Sara Gariglio , Emilio Catelli , Cristina Malegori , Silvia Prati , Eugenio Alladio , Giorgia Sciutto , Paolo Oliveri

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

The present review examines the fundamental mechanisms governing the penetration of X-ray and near-infrared (NIR) radiation under sample surface – a feature that is often disregarded in analytical applications, especially in the spectral imaging implementations, which are usually considered as surface analytical techniques. The impact of material composition and geometry, scattering effects, as well as instrumental factors are thoroughly described and critically discussed. A particular focus is placed on data processing techniques, from first-principle equations to data-driven multivariate models, implemented to estimate/assess the extent of penetration. Applications in several areas, including food, forensic, material and cultural heritage sciences, are comprehensively reviewed. The potential for exploiting penetration of electromagnetic radiation is highlighted, paving the way for the development of 3D-resolved X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and NIR imaging approaches able to characterize multilayer samples in a non-invasive way.

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利用XRF和近红外辐射的穿透深度：从2D到3D光谱成像

本综述探讨了控制样品表面下x射线和近红外（NIR）辐射穿透的基本机制-这一特征在分析应用中经常被忽视，特别是在光谱成像实现中，这通常被认为是表面分析技术。材料组成和几何形状的影响，散射效应，以及仪器因素进行了彻底的描述和批判性的讨论。特别关注的是数据处理技术，从第一原理方程到数据驱动的多变量模型，用于估计/评估渗透程度。在几个领域的应用，包括食品，法医，材料和文化遗产科学，全面审查。强调了利用电磁辐射穿透的潜力，为能够以非侵入性方式表征多层样品的3d分辨x射线荧光（XRF）和近红外成像方法的发展铺平了道路。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Trends in Analytical Chemistry 化学-分析化学

CiteScore

20.00

自引率

4.60%

发文量

257

审稿时长

3.4 months

期刊介绍： TrAC publishes succinct and critical overviews of recent advancements in analytical chemistry, designed to assist analytical chemists and other users of analytical techniques. These reviews offer excellent, up-to-date, and timely coverage of various topics within analytical chemistry. Encompassing areas such as analytical instrumentation, biomedical analysis, biomolecular analysis, biosensors, chemical analysis, chemometrics, clinical chemistry, drug discovery, environmental analysis and monitoring, food analysis, forensic science, laboratory automation, materials science, metabolomics, pesticide-residue analysis, pharmaceutical analysis, proteomics, surface science, and water analysis and monitoring, these critical reviews provide comprehensive insights for practitioners in the field.