Geophysical survey of the medieval Castle in Sławków, Poland: Insights from ERT and EM

IF 2.1 3区地球科学 Q2 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Journal of Applied Geophysics Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-19 DOI:10.1016/j.jappgeo.2026.106118

Maciej J. Mendecki , Rafał Warchulski , Mateusz Kicza

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Abstract

This study presents Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) and Electromagnetic Induction (EMI) measurements conducted in two areas: the Kraków Bishops' Castle (area A1) and the Municipal Park (area A2) in Sławków. ERT data are displayed as cross-sections, while EMI data are mapped. A reference resistivity of 350 Ωm was established for natural geological substrates. Anomalies exceeding this threshold suggest anthropogenic origins, including remnants of the Bishops' Castle. In A1, ERT profiles ERT1–ERT3 revealed high-resistivity anomalies linked to rock fragments, possible tunnels, and castle walls; shallower ones (<2 m) were interpreted cautiously due to natural effects or artifacts. In A2, ERT4–ERT7 profiles indicated embankments, rock fragments, and inferred defensive structures. EMI confirmed anomalies: two subsurface features inside the castle near NE and SW walls (potential metallic objects or a well).

Extended verification analyzed ERT statistical analysis (RMS, χ², residual analysis, observed vs. interpreted scatter plots), Depth of Investigation Index (DOI), and for EMI data analysis (spatial data analysis, variograms, EMI-derived resistivity, in-phase difference maps, and EMI data cross-validation), emphasizing careful interpretation under complex geological-anthropogenic conditions. The study refines archaeological geophysics practices, optimizing techniques for varied materials and site histories.

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波兰Sławków中世纪城堡的地球物理调查：来自ERT和EM的见解

本研究介绍了在两个地区进行的电阻率断层扫描（ERT）和电磁感应（EMI）测量：Sławków的Kraków主教城堡（A1区）和市政公园（A2区）。ERT数据显示为横截面，而EMI数据显示为映射。建立了自然地质基底的参考电阻率为350 Ωm。超过这个阈值的异常表明人类活动的起源，包括主教城堡的遗迹。在A1区，ERT剖面ERT1-ERT3显示了与岩石碎片、可能的隧道和城堡墙壁相关的高电阻率异常；由于自然影响或人为因素，较浅的（2米）被谨慎地解释。在A2中，ERT4-ERT7剖面显示了堤防、岩石碎片和推断的防御结构。电磁干扰证实了异常：城堡内靠近东北和西南墙壁的两个地下特征（潜在的金属物体或井）。扩展验证分析了ERT统计分析（均方根、χ2、残差分析、观测与解释散点图）、调查深度指数（DOI）和电磁干扰数据分析（空间数据分析、变异图、电磁干扰衍生电阻率、同相差图和电磁干扰数据交叉验证），强调了在复杂地质-人为条件下的仔细解释。该研究改进了考古地球物理实践，优化了不同材料和遗址历史的技术。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Journal of Applied Geophysics 地学-地球科学综合

CiteScore

3.60

自引率

10.00%

发文量

274

审稿时长

4 months

期刊介绍： The Journal of Applied Geophysics with its key objective of responding to pertinent and timely needs, places particular emphasis on methodological developments and innovative applications of geophysical techniques for addressing environmental, engineering, and hydrological problems. Related topical research in exploration geophysics and in soil and rock physics is also covered by the Journal of Applied Geophysics.