Controlled-release aroma nano/microcarriers: design strategies, release mechanisms, and kinetic models

Abstract

Nano/microcarriers, characterized by small sizes, high specific surface areas, and tunable surface properties, enable precise control of aroma delivery in biomedical, cosmetic, food, and agricultural applications. Although numerous studies have investigated the controlled release of encapsulated aroma compounds, a comprehensive review of these carrier systems remains lacking. This review systematically examines various nano/microcarriers designed for different release functions and provides valuable insights into the selection of encapsulation materials. Moreover, aroma release mechanisms, including diffusion, rupture, swelling, dissolution, melting, degradation, and conformational changes, are analyzed to establish structure–function relationships between carrier properties and release performance. Additionally, mathematical models describing aroma release kinetics are summarized to elucidate the underlying release mechanisms. This review integrates carrier design, release mechanisms, and modeling approaches to optimize on-demand aroma release and support the development of next-generation nano/micro-delivery systems. The findings provide a robust framework for achieving precise control over aroma compound release.