Energy contribution from ultra processed foods in peruvian children.

Abstract

Objective.: To evaluate the energy contribution of ultra-processed foods (UPFs) and its association with social and demographic covariates in children between 6 and 35 months of age, based on national surveys conducted in 2008‒2010, 2015‒2016, and 2019.

Materials and methods.: The surveys used multistage stratified random samples. 24-hour recalls were applied on random days per participant, using the modified multiple-pass method, with the support of visual aids and scales. UPFs belonged to the Nova 4 group. Given the bimodal distribution, the covariates were analyzed using two models: a binomial model for the percentage of UPF consumers and a normal model for the average energy contribution, only among UPF consumers. The estimates and models were adjusted according to the sampling design.

Results.: 2887 children were included. UPFs contributed 27% (95% CI: 25 to 29) of the total energy intake and were consumed by 86% (84 to 89) of children. The main energy contribution from UPFs came from the milk and dairy products group (19% [17 to 20]) and cereals (5% [4 to 6]). The covariates associated with consumption were age, calendar quarter, and poverty. No associations were found with sex or the year of the survey.

Conclusions.: In children aged 6 to 35 months in Peru, UPFs provided an average of 27% of total energy and were consumed by 86%. The main sources were the milk and dairy products, and the cereals group. UPF consumption was associated with age, poverty, and the calendar quarter.