Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Alcohol Consumption: Biological Mechanisms of Stress Resilience to Subsequent Alcohol Consumption.

Abstract

Purpose: Resilience is crucial in mitigating the risk of stress-related health issues. Although many people can adapt to adverse stress or trauma, stress exposure can increase the risk of health issues, including obesity, cardiovascular disease, and digestive illnesses. Some individuals may even develop debilitating conditions, such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). People with PTSD often struggle to adapt, sometimes turning to alcohol to cope, which can lead to alcohol use disorder (AUD), characterized by excessive alcohol-seeking and dependence. Understanding the biological underpinnings of resilience, therefore, is a key to preventing both PTSD and AUD. Recent research has uncovered the neurobiological traits that protect against the development of stress-induced alcohol dependence. Studies have shown that proactive coping and a lack of stress-related symptoms are associated with resilience. Preclinical studies, especially in rodents, have provided deeper insights into how stress impacts alcohol-seeking behaviors. Research has shown that resilience involves adaptive changes at the molecular, cellular, neural circuit, and systems levels. This review aims to integrate this research to better understand what makes people vulnerable to stress and alcohol consumption, highlighting aspects frequently overlooked in clinical models.

Search methods: This review employed systematic search strategies to achieve a comprehensive and structured assessment of the existing body of literature using the academic databases PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science. Targeted keywords included "stress," "PTSD," "trauma," "alcohol," "AUD," "resilience," "vulnerability," "susceptibility," "sex difference," and "animal models"; Boolean operators (AND, OR, NOT) were used to refine the results. Exclusion criteria included research published before 1990, research that was not peer reviewed, and publications in languages other than English. Additional studies were identified by reviewing the references cited in key articles as well as by identifying subsequent studies that referenced these pivotal works. The search was carried out from April to June 2025 focusing on, but not limited to, experiments involving rodent models.

Search results: The search yielded a total of 347 articles. After screening, 283 articles were removed, either because they met the predefined exclusion criteria or because they were duplicates. This process resulted in 64 articles, forming the core of this comprehensive review.

Discussion and conclusions: This review summarizes an overview of recent progress in studies of PTSD and AUD, primarily focusing on the effect of resilience on post-stress alcohol intake in animal models. The findings highlight several biomarkers that may help identify individuals at risk for PTSD, AUD, or their co-occurrence, acknowledging that no single identifier can predict post-trauma outcomes. The identification of these markers is an ongoing process, yet it will be crucial for early diagnosis and risk assessment moving forward.