Exploring the spatiotemporal evolution and driving mechanism of ecological resilience in main urban area of Xi'an based on the “Resistance-Elasticity-Adaptability” model

Abstract

Enhancing ecological resilience is essential for sustainable urban development under climate and urbanization pressures. This study focuses on Xi'an's main urban area, where ecological resilience remains relatively weak. Based on the conceptual framework of resistance, elasticity, and adaptability, we construct a comprehensive evaluation model, innovatively incorporating disaster adaptability factors, and assess ecological resilience from 2000 to 2023 using a differentiated weighting method. Land Use Transition Matrices and Geographic Detectors Model (GDM) are applied to analyze spatiotemporal patterns and driving forces. Results show: (1) Ecological resilience first declined and then stabilized, mainly due to large-scale farmland conversion (273.9 km², 32.9 %) and insufficient restoration (only 13.93 km² added). A “weak center–strong periphery” spatial pattern emerged. (2) Resistance shifted outward (Baqiao-centered), elasticity declined, and adaptability peaked in 2023 (0.088), reflecting a transition to a society–infrastructure coupling model but constrained by central overload and peripheral deficits. (3) Driving mechanisms evolved from natural dominance to multi-factor synergy, with Landscape Shape Index (LSI)-population interaction (q = 0.22447) becoming key. The framework supports data-driven ecological resilience assessment and spatial planning in China's rapidly urbanizing regions.