Decoding the role of LRP1 in cancers: From molecular mechanisms to therapeutic opportunities

Abstract

Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1), a key member of the Low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) family, is a transmembrane receptor with a wide range of biological functions. It plays a crucial regulatory role in physiological processes such as lipid metabolism, extracellular matrix remodeling, and cell signal transduction. Recent studies have highlighted that LRP1 also plays a significant role in tumorigenesis by influencing tumor progression through its involvement in regulating tumor cell invasion and metastasis, angiogenesis, immune evasion, and metabolic reprogramming. However, the precise molecular mechanisms underlying these processes remain to be further elucidated. This review systematically summarizes the current understanding of LRP1's functional role across various tumor types, with particular emphasis on its regulatory mechanisms in tumor malignancy and the tumor microenvironment. Additionally, its involvement in treatment resistance and potential applications in drug delivery for brain tumors are discussed. This review aims to provide a theoretical basis for the development of LRP1 as a novel therapeutic target in cancer treatment and its potential translation into precision medicine.