Hybrid PVDF-MoS2 architectures for flexible solid-state supercapacitors with superior charge storage properties

Abstract

With the combination of high-power performance, mechanical flexibility, and fast charge–discharge kinetics positions flexible solid-state supercapacitors as promising next-generation energy storage devices. In this work, the fabrication of freestanding PVDF–MoS₂ composite films via a scalable sonication-assisted solution casting method. Embedding exfoliated MoS₂ nanosheets within the PVDF matrix facilitates β-phase crystallization and strengthens interfacial polarisation, thereby enhancing electrochemical performance. The optimised PVDF–MoS₂ (80:20, PM82) electrode delivers an areal capacitance of 218.03 F/cm² at 10 mV/s, an energy density of 16.15 mWh/cm², and a power density of 218.55 mW/cm² at 0.22 mA/cm². The device retains 54.31 % capacitance after 1000 cycles after initial value. Density functional theory analysis reveals a reduction in the HOMO–LUMO gap from 6.96 eV (PVDF) to 3.48 eV (PVDF–MoS₂), confirming enhanced charge transfer. PVDF–MoS₂ composites are validated by these findings as viable materials for next-generation flexible energy storage systems.