Immune profiling of the buffalo mammary gland across graded low somatic cell counts under tropical conditions

IF 1.8 3区农林科学 Q4 IMMUNOLOGY

Veterinary immunology and immunopathology Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-13 DOI:10.1016/j.vetimm.2026.111064

Manisha Choudhary, Ajay Kumar Dang

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Abstract

Milk somatic cell count (SCC) indicates udder health and milk quality, but levels much lower than the normal range may signal mammary gland immunocompromise. This study evaluated the immunological status of the buffalo mammary gland across graded low SCC levels under non-infectious conditions (<2 ×10⁵ cells/mL). Forty-eight clinically healthy Murrah buffaloes in early lactation were categorized into four SCC groups: Group 1 (0.20–0.60 ×10⁵ cells/mL), Group 2 (0.61–0.90 ×10⁵ cells/mL), Group 3 (0.91–1.40 ×10⁵ cells/mL), and Group 4 (1.41–1.90 ×10⁵ cells/mL). Buffaloes were screened using the California mastitis test (CMT) and infrared thermography (IRT) to eliminate subclinical mastitis (SCM). Immunological assessments included milk differential leukocyte counts (DLC), phagocytic activity (PA) of neutrophils and macrophages, lymphocyte proliferation response (LPR), cytokine concentrations (IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, IL-10), and milk cortisol levels. Buffaloes having low SCC showed predominant lymphocytes along with significantly (p < 0.05) higher PA and T-cell proliferation, indicating strong mammary immune competence. With increasing SCC, neutrophil proportion and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-2 and TNF-α) increased significantly (p < 0.05). However, IL-10 and cortisol remained consistent across all groups. IRT imaging showed uniform udder temperature, indicating no inflammation. The findings show that very low SCC in buffalo milk reflects immune balance, not immunosuppression, due to effective leukocyte function and cytokine regulation.

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热带条件下水牛乳腺低体细胞计数分级免疫分析

乳体细胞计数（SCC）表明乳房健康和乳质量，但水平远低于正常范围可能表明乳腺免疫功能低下。本研究评估了水牛乳腺在非感染性条件下的低SCC水平（<2 ×10）的免疫状态。48头哺乳期早期临床健康的穆拉水牛被分为四组：1组（0.20-0.60 ×10 5个细胞/mL）、2组（0.61-0.90 ×10 5个细胞/mL）、3组（0.91-1.40 ×10 5个细胞/mL）和4组（1.41-1.90 ×10 5个细胞/mL）。采用加州乳腺炎试验（CMT）和红外热像仪（IRT）筛选水牛，以消除亚临床乳腺炎（SCM）。免疫学评估包括乳汁白细胞差异计数（DLC）、中性粒细胞和巨噬细胞的吞噬活性（PA）、淋巴细胞增殖反应（LPR）、细胞因子浓度（IL-2、IL-6、IL-8、TNF-α、IL-10）和乳汁皮质醇水平。低鳞状细胞癌水牛淋巴细胞占主导地位，PA和t细胞增殖显著增高（p <； 0.05），表明乳腺免疫能力强。随着SCC的升高，中性粒细胞比例和促炎因子IL-2、TNF-α显著升高（p <； 0.05）。然而，IL-10和皮质醇在所有组中保持一致。红外热成像显示乳房温度均匀，提示无炎症。研究结果表明，由于有效的白细胞功能和细胞因子调节，水牛奶中非常低的SCC反映了免疫平衡，而不是免疫抑制。

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来源期刊

Veterinary immunology and immunopathology 农林科学-免疫学

CiteScore

3.40

自引率

5.60%

发文量

审稿时长

70 days

期刊介绍： The journal reports basic, comparative and clinical immunology as they pertain to the animal species designated here: livestock, poultry, and fish species that are major food animals and companion animals such as cats, dogs, horses and camels, and wildlife species that act as reservoirs for food, companion or human infectious diseases, or as models for human disease. Rodent models of infectious diseases that are of importance in the animal species indicated above,when the disease requires a level of containment that is not readily available for larger animal experimentation (ABSL3), will be considered. Papers on rabbits, lizards, guinea pigs, badgers, armadillos, elephants, antelope, and buffalo will be reviewed if the research advances our fundamental understanding of immunology, or if they act as a reservoir of infectious disease for the primary animal species designated above, or for humans. Manuscripts employing other species will be reviewed if justified as fitting into the categories above. The following topics are appropriate: biology of cells and mechanisms of the immune system, immunochemistry, immunodeficiencies, immunodiagnosis, immunogenetics, immunopathology, immunology of infectious disease and tumors, immunoprophylaxis including vaccine development and delivery, immunological aspects of pregnancy including passive immunity, autoimmuity, neuroimmunology, and transplanatation immunology. Manuscripts that describe new genes and development of tools such as monoclonal antibodies are also of interest when part of a larger biological study. Studies employing extracts or constituents (plant extracts, feed additives or microbiome) must be sufficiently defined to be reproduced in other laboratories and also provide evidence for possible mechanisms and not simply show an effect on the immune system.