Emerging Pollutants in the River Ganga and its Tributaries – Current Status, Future Impacts and Fate of Riverine Ecosystems

Abstract

Emerging pollutants (EPs) in Indian rivers pose a significant threat to the riverine environment and human health. Originating from wastewater from industries, hospitals, and sewage, these pollutants are especially prevalent in the Ganga and its tributaries, adversely affecting river biodiversity, including algae, macroinvertebrates, and fish. Six pharmaceuticals—caffeine, azithromycin, naproxen, diclofenac, sulfamethoxazole, and norfloxacin—are found at levels exceeding safety recommendations. There is limited understanding of sediment–water-groundwater interactions regarding EP storage and release, and the bioaccumulation of EPs in aquatic species is not well studied. Current wastewater treatment technologies are inadequate for removing these EPs, leading to their direct release into rivers. Addressing this issue requires a multifaceted approach: reducing pollutant discharge, enhancing wastewater treatment infrastructure, and increasing public awareness about EPs. This review emphasizes significant knowledge gaps regarding the impact of EPs on aquatic life, human health, and the effectiveness of existing remediation technologies. There are significant knowledge gaps regarding the seasonal variation of EPs, the bioaccumulation of EPs in aquatic species, and the effectiveness of remediation techniques. Effective pollution control and watershed management are critical for preserving ecosystems and human health. Future research should prioritize improving treatment methods to eliminate EPs before they contaminate river ecosystems.