Bothrops mattogrossensis Snake Venom: How Age and Sex Shape the Chemistry of the Envenoming

IF 2.8 4区医学 Q2 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY

Toxicon Pub Date : 2026-03-15 Epub Date: 2025-12-24 DOI:10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108966

Gisele Akemi Tsuboi-Sato , Lídia Jorge Tasima , Eduardo Oliveira Venancio de Lima , Vitor Meneses Samele , Caroline Serino-Silva , Sávio Stefanini Sant'anna , Kathleen Fernandes Grego , Anita Mitico Tanaka-Azevedo

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Abstract

In Brazil, the genus Bothrops is the main responsible for snakebite envenomation. Compositional variations in venoms can occur intra and interspecifically, influenced by age, sex, geographic distribution, seasonality and diet. This study biochemically analyzed venoms from individuals of the species Bothrops mattogrossensis, comparing venom composition and enzymatic activity according to age and sex. Age-dependent analyses suggested a tendency for increase in L-amino acid oxidase (LAAO) and Phospholipase A₂ (PLA₂) activities with aging, in contrast to decreased proteolytic activities. Venoms from young showed higher coagulant activity than adults and senile. Electrophoretic profiles of young presented a similar pattern, with bands mainly between the 50 and 75 kDa. This pattern disappeared in adults and senile, which presented a high individual variation. Regarding sex, both presented similar LAAO activities, but males exhibited higher PLA₂ activities, while female showed higher proteolytic activities. HPLC analysis showed large peaks close to 80 min in females, corresponding to high molecular weight proteins such as metalloproteases and LAAO, whereas males presented larger peaks between 40 and 60 min, which may correspond to PLA₂, CTL, CRISP and serine proteases. SDS-PAGE of males exhibited more intense bands close to 15 kDa, while those of females were observed near 50 kDa. Venoms from young, adult and senile were similarly well immunorecognized by the commercial antivenom. These findings reveal ontogenetic and sex-related variations in Bothrops mattogrossensis venom. Since differences in venom composition can lead to distinct clinical manifestations, understanding this variability allows a better understanding of envenomation and improvements in treatment.

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mattogrossensis蛇毒：年龄和性别如何影响毒液的化学成分。

在巴西，Bothrops属是造成蛇咬中毒的主要原因。毒液成分的变化可在种内和种间发生，受年龄、性别、地理分布、季节性和饮食的影响。本研究以生物化学方法分析了mattogrossensis Bothrops个体的毒液，比较了不同年龄和性别的毒液成分和酶活性。年龄依赖性分析表明，随着年龄的增长，l -氨基酸氧化酶（LAAO）和磷脂酶A2 （PLA2）活性有增加的趋势，而蛋白质水解活性则有所下降。幼毒液的凝血活性高于成年和老年毒液。年轻人的电泳谱也呈现出类似的模式，条带主要在50 ~ 75 kDa之间。这种模式在成年人和老年人中消失，呈现出较高的个体差异。性别方面，两者LAAO活性相似，但雄性PLA2活性较高，而雌性PLA2活性较高。高效液相色谱分析显示，女性在接近80分钟时出现较大的峰，对应于金属蛋白酶和LAAO等高分子量蛋白质，而男性在40 ~ 60分钟时出现较大的峰，可能对应于PLA2、CTL、CRISP和丝氨酸蛋白酶。雄虫SDS-PAGE在15 kDa附近表现出较强的谱带，雌虫SDS-PAGE在50 kDa附近表现出较强的谱带。商业抗蛇毒血清对来自年轻人、成年人和老年人的毒液具有相似的免疫识别能力。这些发现揭示了mattogrossensis Bothrops毒液的个体发生和性别相关变异。由于毒液成分的差异可导致不同的临床表现，了解这种变异性可以更好地了解毒液和改善治疗。

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来源期刊

Toxicon 医学-毒理学

CiteScore

4.80

自引率

10.70%

发文量

358

审稿时长

68 days

期刊介绍： Toxicon has an open access mirror Toxicon: X, sharing the same aims and scope, editorial team, submission system and rigorous peer review. An introductory offer Toxicon: X - full waiver of the Open Access fee. Toxicon''s "aims and scope" are to publish: -articles containing the results of original research on problems related to toxins derived from animals, plants and microorganisms -papers on novel findings related to the chemical, pharmacological, toxicological, and immunological properties of natural toxins -molecular biological studies of toxins and other genes from poisonous and venomous organisms that advance understanding of the role or function of toxins -clinical observations on poisoning and envenoming where a new therapeutic principle has been proposed or a decidedly superior clinical result has been obtained. -material on the use of toxins as tools in studying biological processes and material on subjects related to venom and antivenom problems. -articles on the translational application of toxins, for example as drugs and insecticides -epidemiological studies on envenoming or poisoning, so long as they highlight a previously unrecognised medical problem or provide insight into the prevention or medical treatment of envenoming or poisoning. Retrospective surveys of hospital records, especially those lacking species identification, will not be considered for publication. Properly designed prospective community-based surveys are strongly encouraged. -articles describing well-known activities of venoms, such as antibacterial, anticancer, and analgesic activities of arachnid venoms, without any attempt to define the mechanism of action or purify the active component, will not be considered for publication in Toxicon. -review articles on problems related to toxinology. To encourage the exchange of ideas, sections of the journal may be devoted to Short Communications, Letters to the Editor and activities of the affiliated societies.