From biocide to biohazard: influence of methylchloroisothiazolinone on physiological integrity of Mytilus galloprovincialis

IF 6.9 2区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Emerging Contaminants Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-19 DOI:10.1016/j.emcon.2025.100617

Cristiana Roberta Multisanti , Maria Giovanna Rizzo , Giorgia Zicarelli , Federica Impellitteri , Vira Khoma , Viktoriya Martyniuk , Monia Perugini , Oksana Stoliar , Caterina Faggio

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Abstract

Methylchloroisothiazolinone (CMIT), an isothiazolinone-based compound, is extensively used in several commercial products as a biocide and has recently been identified as an emerging contaminant in aquatic environments. This study investigates the impact of this substance on key cellular, physiological, and biochemical endpoints in the Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis). Mussels were exposed for 14 days to two sublethal CMIT concentrations (0.01 and 0.1 mg L⁻¹), and responses were assessed in haemocytes (H) and digestive gland (DG). Cytotoxic effects were determined in H and DG through cell viability assays. Phagocytic activity was quantified in H. The osmoregulatory performance of DG isolated cells was evaluated using the Regulatory Volume Decrease (RVD) assay. Furthermore, oxidative stress biomarkers catalase and glutathione (GHS/GSSG), cytochrome P450-related activity (EROD) and neurotoxicity were measured in DG. Results revealed significant impairments in physiological functionality and osmoregulatory capacity, accompanied by high susceptibility of biochemical responses. In the DG, a clear association was observed between EROD activation and oxidative stress manifestations indicating the toxicity of CMIT derivatives. Overall, these findings confirm CMIT's toxic potential toward vital physiological and biochemical processes in M. galloprovincialis and provide a basis for further research aimed at demonstrating the ecological consequences of isothiazolinone contamination, with potential implications for both marine ecosystem health and human well-being.

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从杀菌剂到生物危害：甲基氯异噻唑啉酮对褐贻贝生理完整性的影响

甲基氯异噻唑啉酮（CMIT）是一种基于异噻唑啉酮的化合物，作为杀菌剂广泛用于几种商业产品中，最近被确定为水生环境中的一种新污染物。本研究调查了这种物质对地中海贻贝（Mytilus galloprovincialis）关键细胞、生理和生化终点的影响。将贻贝暴露于两种亚致死CMIT浓度（0.01和0.1 mg L - 1）中14天，并在血细胞(H)和消化腺（DG）中评估反应。通过细胞活力测定H和DG的细胞毒作用。采用调节体积减少法（RVD）评价DG分离细胞的渗透调节性能。此外，还测定了氧化应激生物标志物过氧化氢酶和谷胱甘肽（GHS/GSSG）、细胞色素p450相关活性（EROD）和神经毒性。结果显示，生理功能和渗透调节能力明显受损，并伴有高易感性的生化反应。在DG中，观察到EROD激活与氧化应激表现之间存在明显关联，表明CMIT衍生物的毒性。总的来说，这些发现证实了CMIT对加洛省沼虾重要生理生化过程的潜在毒性，并为进一步研究异噻唑啉酮污染的生态后果，以及对海洋生态系统健康和人类福祉的潜在影响提供了基础。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Emerging Contaminants Medicine-Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health

CiteScore

10.00

自引率

6.70%

发文量

审稿时长

44 days

期刊介绍： Emerging Contaminants is an outlet for world-leading research addressing problems associated with environmental contamination caused by emerging contaminants and their solutions. Emerging contaminants are defined as chemicals that are not currently (or have been only recently) regulated and about which there exist concerns regarding their impact on human or ecological health. Examples of emerging contaminants include disinfection by-products, pharmaceutical and personal care products, persistent organic chemicals, and mercury etc. as well as their degradation products. We encourage papers addressing science that facilitates greater understanding of the nature, extent, and impacts of the presence of emerging contaminants in the environment; technology that exploits original principles to reduce and control their environmental presence; as well as the development, implementation and efficacy of national and international policies to protect human health and the environment from emerging contaminants.