Potential of Polyvinyl Chloride-Derived Carbons: Progress, Challenges, and Prospects for Energy Storage Applications

Abstract

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), one of the most widely produced synthetic polymers, has recently captured attention as a versatile precursor of carbon for energy storage applications. The transformation of PVC waste into functional carbon materials not only mitigates environmental concerns associated with plastic pollution but also provides a sustainable route for the development of advanced electrode materials. In this context, dechlorination strategies, temperature, and the use of activating agents are critical to controlling the carbonization process to obtain high-quality carbon materials while minimizing the release of HCl and other by-products. These parameters critically influence the structure, porosity, and electrochemical performance of the resulting carbons. Therefore, this review summarizes the latest advancements in PVC-derived carbons, highlighting their application in supercapacitors and batteries (Li⁺-ion, Na⁺-ion, and K⁺-ion), and further discusses existing challenges and emerging opportunities for their integration into next-generation energy storage technologies.