Factors that are strongly causal to NPP across diverse climate regions in China

IF 5.5 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Environmental and Sustainability Indicators Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-27 DOI:10.1016/j.indic.2025.101033

Kaizhi Liu, Lianghui Tian, Weilin Wang, Yuanyuan Meng, Liangxia Duan, Hongxia Xie

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Abstract

While Net Primary Productivity (NPP) driving mechanisms have been widely studied through correlation analysis, precisely quantifying causal relationships remains challenging. This study investigates causal effects of climatic and topographic factors on NPP across five Chinese climatic regions using Geographic Convergent Cross Mapping (GCCM). Our results reveal several strong-causality-yet-weak-correlation patterns: terrain relief with NPP in SE and NE China; DEM in SW and SE China; and sunshine radiation in SW and SE China. Crucially, we identify optimal operative intervals for these causal factors: DEM (511–607 m), terrain relief (22–128 m), temperature (16.2–18.1 °C), and sunshine radiation (1.24–1.36 × 10^7 J/m²). By integrating GCCM with Geodetector analysis, we further uncover the underlying mechanisms, demonstrating topography's role as an integrator in ecosystem processes. These insights provide valuable scientific support for optimizing NPP modeling parameters and formulating regional ecological restoration strategies.

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中国不同气候区NPP的强因果因子

虽然净初级生产力（NPP）的驱动机制已经通过相关分析得到了广泛的研究，但精确量化因果关系仍然具有挑战性。本研究利用地理收敛交叉制图（GCCM）研究了气候和地形因子对中国5个气候区NPP的因果关系。研究结果揭示了几个强因果但弱相关的模式：中国东南部和东北部地形起伏与NPP；中国西南和东南地区的DEM；以及中国西南部和东南部的日照。至关重要的是，我们确定了这些因果因素的最佳操作间隔：DEM (511-607 m)，地形起伏（22-128 m），温度（16.2-18.1°C）和阳光辐射（1.24-1.36 × 10^7 J/m2）。通过将GCCM与Geodetector分析相结合，我们进一步揭示了潜在的机制，证明了地形在生态系统过程中的整合作用。这些发现为优化NPP模型参数和制定区域生态恢复策略提供了有价值的科学支持。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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