64 - Corrosion- related alterations in surface properties and roughness of orthodontic wires

IF 3.5 Q1 DENTISTRY, ORAL SURGERY & MEDICINE

Journal of the World Federation of Orthodontists Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-09 DOI:10.1016/j.ejwf.2025.07.068

Martin Adriazola , Marcelo Goiato , Fernanda Vicioni-Marques , VIctor Perinazzo Sachi , Livia Maria Alves Valentim , André Pinheiro de Magalhaes Bertoz

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Abstract

The surface characteristics of orthodontic wires play a crucial role in their clinical performance, particularly when exposed to varying oral environments. This study aimed to investigate the surface free energy and surface roughness (SR) of metallic alloys under the influence of acid solutions.

Methods

The experiment involved the use of 270 rectangular wire samples measuring 0.019 × 0.025 in. These samples were sourced from three different commercial brands: Dentsply GAC, American Orthodontics, and Orthoclassic. This in vitro study categorized the samples into three groups based on the solutions employed: deionized water, citric acid, and phosphoric acid. Each group consisted of 90 samples, with 30 samples representing each type of alloy—stainless steel, nickel-titanium, and titanium molybdenum alloy (TMA). The wire segments were immersed in their respective solutions for 72 hours at a controlled temperature of 37 °C, with continuous orbital agitation at 130 rpm. After the immersion period, the study analyzed both surface free energy and SR. The mean values obtained were subjected to an analysis of variance at a significance level of 5%.

Results

All alloys displayed hydrophobic behavior, as indicated by interaction free energy values < 0. In acidic environments (phosphoric acid and citric acid), significant differences were observed among different brands and alloys, affecting surface energy and interaction free energy. Variations in SR among metallic alloys included steel with the lowest SR variations, followed by nickel-titanium and TMA. Notably, the TMA alloy stood out with significantly higher surface energy compared with that of the other alloys (P < 0.001).

Conclusions

In this study, all examined alloys demonstrated a hydrophobic nature, suggesting a limited attraction to water. Notably, TMA exhibited the least hydrophobic behavior among the alloys studied. However, when exposed to citric acid, TMA displayed the most substantial alterations in its surface properties. These results underscored the significance of accounting for the distinctive properties of each alloy and their responses to diverse challenges, such as exposure to acidic solutions, during the selection of orthodontic wires for orthodontic treatment.

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正畸金属丝表面特性和粗糙度的腐蚀相关改变

摘要正畸金属丝的表面特性对其临床性能起着至关重要的作用，特别是当暴露在不同的口腔环境中时。研究了酸溶液对金属合金表面自由能和表面粗糙度的影响。方法实验采用270根尺寸为0.019 × 0.025 in的矩形钢丝试样。这些样品来自三个不同的商业品牌：Dentsply GAC， American Orthodontics和Orthoclassic。这项体外研究根据使用的溶液将样品分为三组：去离子水、柠檬酸和磷酸。每组由90个样品组成，其中30个样品代表每种合金-不锈钢，镍钛和钛钼合金（TMA）。在37 °C的控制温度下，将导线段浸泡在各自的溶液中72小时，以130 rpm的速度连续轨道搅拌。浸渍期结束后，研究对表面自由能和sr进行分析，所得平均值进行5%显著性水平的方差分析。结果所有合金均表现出疏水行为，由相互作用自由能值<； 0可知。在酸性环境（磷酸和柠檬酸）中，不同品牌和合金的表面能和相互作用自由能存在显著差异。金属合金中SR的变化包括钢，SR变化最小，其次是镍钛和TMA。值得注意的是，TMA合金的表面能明显高于其他合金（P < 0.001）。在这项研究中，所有被检测的合金都表现出疏水性，表明对水的吸引力有限。值得注意的是，在所研究的合金中，TMA表现出最不疏水的行为。然而，当暴露于柠檬酸时，TMA在其表面特性上表现出最显著的变化。这些结果强调了在选择用于正畸治疗的正畸金属丝时，考虑每种合金的独特特性及其对不同挑战（例如暴露于酸性溶液）的反应的重要性。

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