Electropsun Composite Nanofibers of Ulvan/Chitosan/PVA: A Synergistic Approach to Enhance the Wound Healing Process

Abstract

Availability of economic and biocompatible wound dressings with controlled degradation, good wettability, and excellent cell adhesion and proliferation is crucial for addressing the challenges of chronic wounds. In this study, we fabricated a novel composite nanofibrous dressing composed of chitosan (CS), ulvan (UL), and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) using the electrospinning technique. The use of water-soluble polymers ensured biodegradability, while citric acid (CA), a green cross-linker, enhanced mechanical stability. SEM analysis revealed uniform, smooth nanofibers with diameters ranging from 100 to 350 nm. Characterization using ATR-FTIR, TGA, and XRD confirmed the absence of undesirable polymer interactions and verified the structural integrity of the dressing. In vitro evaluations showed excellent mechanical strength upto 5.51 ± 0.012 MPa, water retention (1059.05 ± 10.5 g/m²/24 h), high porosity (92.49% ± 4.6%), and a controlled degradation rate, supporting gas exchange, nutrient diffusion, and tissue regeneration. Cell culture studies demonstrated steady cell proliferation, and the dressing also exhibited promising blood-clotting ability in TAT analysis. In vivo wound contraction and histological studies in the Sprague–Dawley rat model confirmed complete healing (with a wound closure rate of 93.29% ± 2.29%) with new skin formation. Overall, the UL/CS/PVA composite nanofibrous dressing offers an effective and sustainable approach for accelerated wound healing while overcoming the limitations of conventional dressings.