Sennoside-functionalized ZrO₂ nanoparticles via Cassia angustifolia: Gram-selective antibacterial and anticancer nanoplatform with green synthesis

Next Nanotechnology Pub Date : 2026-06-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-06 DOI:10.1016/j.nxnano.2025.100330

Aarti Jathar , Samreen Fatema , Mazahar Farooqui , Abhay Dashrath , Dattatraya Jirekar , Pramila Ghumare

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Abstract

Sennoside-functionalized zirconium dioxide nanoparticles (Sen–ZrO₂ NPs) were engineered via a single-step green synthesis route using Cassia angustifolia leaf extract as both a bio reductant and stabilizer. Structural characterization confirmed phase-pure tetragonal ZrO₂ formation through X-ray diffraction (XRD), while Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) verified sennoside anchoring via characteristic CO and O–H vibrations at 1680 cm⁻¹ and 3605 cm⁻¹. Scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) revealed spherical morphologies with uniform elemental distribution. The Sen–ZrO₂ NPs exhibited pronounced Gram-selective antibacterial activity, demonstrating a fourfold potency enhancement against Staphylococcus aureus (MIC = 64 µg mL⁻¹) compared to unmodified ZrO₂. Time-kill assays further demonstrated a rapid 4-log reduction in bacterial viability within 6 h. Against MCF-7 breast cancer cells, the nanoparticles displayed dose-dependent cytotoxicity (IC₅₀ = 61.44 µg mL⁻¹), representing a 2.3-fold improvement over bare ZrO₂. This dual bioactivity is attributed to sennoside-mediated redox modulation and surface functionalization, which act synergistically to enhance membrane disruption and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. This work establishes a sustainable plant-engineered ZrO₂ nanoplatform with integrated antibacterial–anticancer functionality, presenting a viable green approach to advanced nanotherapeutics for combating antimicrobial resistance and cancer.

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以决明子为原料的senno苷功能化的ZrO 2纳米粒子：绿色合成的革兰氏选择性抗菌抗癌纳米平台

以决明子叶提取物为生物还原剂和稳定剂，通过一步绿色合成工艺制备了senno苷功能化二氧化锆纳米粒子（Sen-ZrO₂NPs）。结构表征通过x射线衍射（XRD）证实了相纯四方ZrO₂形成，而傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）证实了sennoside通过1680 cm⁻¹ 和3605 cm⁻¹的特征CO和O-H振动锚定。扫描电子显微镜和能量色散x射线能谱分析（SEM/EDS）显示其呈球形，元素分布均匀。Sen-ZrO₂NPs表现出明显的革兰选择性抗菌活性，与未修饰的ZrO₂相比，对金黄色葡萄球菌（MIC = 64 µg mL⁻¹）的效力增强了四倍。时间杀伤试验进一步表明，细菌活力在6 h内迅速降低4对数。对MCF-7乳腺癌细胞，纳米颗粒显示出剂量依赖性的细胞毒性（IC₅₀= 61.44 µg mL⁻¹），比裸ZrO₂提高2.3倍。这种双重生物活性归因于sennoside介导的氧化还原调节和表面功能化，它们协同作用以增强膜破坏和活性氧（ROS）的产生。这项工作建立了一个具有综合抗菌抗癌功能的可持续植物工程ZrO 2纳米平台，为对抗抗生素耐药性和癌症的先进纳米治疗提供了可行的绿色途径。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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Next Nanotechnology

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