Ontologically Challenging Psychedelic Experiences: Considerations for Managing Associated Distress.

Abstract

Psychedelic substances have been increasingly recognised for their potential in treating various mental health conditions, yet they can also induce what we call ontologically challenging psychedelic experiences (OCPEs), a concept developed in our research to describe experiences that profoundly disrupt an individual's sense of self, reality, and existence. We present OCPEs not as a diagnostic category but as a phenomenological and harm reduction perspective on certain destabilising psychedelic experiences.While some individuals integrate OCPEs with ease, others struggle with ontological instability, existential distress, and impairments that persist long after acute effects. Importantly, ontological challenges are not always negative: for many, when they feel adequately resourced, they form part of the therapeutic mechanism and are a valued opportunity for personal development and growth. Drawing on our qualitative studies alongside other psychological research, we examine the phenomenology of OCPEs and their challenging aftermath, as well as strategies that may help facilitate recovery and integration. Grounding techniques, cognitive (re)framing, and supportive structures are discussed as potentially beneficial approaches and resources.Finally, we outline ethical and practical implications for clinical and harm reduction practice. We highlight the limits of informed consent in psychedelic therapy and argue for the value of preparation and post-experience support that is attuned to ontological disruptions. As empirical evidence remains limited, further research is needed to refine best practices. The development of an ethically responsible approach, informed by the phenomenology of OCPEs, can help maximise benefits of psychedelic substances while minimising long-term harm.