Dissipative optical solitons: From scalar 1D- to 2D- and 3D-, topological and vector solitons

IF 29.5 1区物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Physics Reports Pub Date : 2026-03-15 Epub Date: 2025-12-02 DOI:10.1016/j.physrep.2025.11.005

Nikolay N. Rosanov, Sergey V. Fedorov, Nikolay A. Veretenov

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Abstract

In this review we present the current status of the theory of dissipative optical solitons — light packets localized due to the balance of inflow (positive dissipation) and outflow (negative dissipation) of energy, and give references on the experiments in the field. We mention various mechanisms of radiation localization and the premises leading to this concept, and briefly compare the physics and properties of conservative, under conditions of negligible dissipation, and dissipative, with the balance of energy inflow and outflow, optical solitons. We shortly discuss the general properties of electromagnetic pulses and the formulation of paraxial radiation propagation in dissipative media. The characteristics of two important classes of spatial and spatiotemporal dissipative optical solitons are described in detail: those in driven wide-aperture nonlinear interferometers and in relative laser schemes without and with driving. An example of what is apparently the only exactly solvable problem in the field is given, clearly demonstrating the connection of these solitons with optical bistability and switching waves. The nontrivial internal structure of the solitons under consideration, related to the distribution of radiation energy fluxes, is explained, and the results of the analysis of the interaction of solitons and the formation of soliton complexes are presented. Particular attention is paid to the nature of the motion of these structures and its connection with their symmetry. Similarly, studied are the issues of topological optics of dissipative solitons, related to the presence of uncertainties (topological singularities) of the field phase and/or polarization state. Vector solitons are considered for 1D, 2D and 3D cases revealing their connections with the scalar ones and underlying their new dynamical features. Quantum fluctuations in dissipative solitons and extremely short solitons are considered more briefly.

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耗散光孤子：从标量一维到二维和三维，拓扑和矢量孤子

本文综述了耗散光孤子理论的研究现状，即由于能量流入（正耗散）和流出（负耗散）平衡而局部化的光包，并对该领域的实验进行了参考。我们提到了辐射局部化的各种机制和导致这一概念的前提，并简要地比较了在可忽略耗散条件下的保守性和光孤子的物理和性质，以及能量流入和流出的平衡。我们简要地讨论了电磁脉冲的一般性质和耗散介质中近轴辐射传播的公式。详细描述了两类重要的时空耗散光孤子的特性：驱动型大孔径非线性干涉仪中的孤子，以及非驱动型和有驱动型激光方案中的孤子。给出了一个显然是该领域唯一可以精确解决的问题的例子，清楚地证明了这些孤子与光双稳性和开关波的联系。解释了所考虑的孤子的非平凡内部结构与辐射能量通量的分布有关，并给出了孤子相互作用和孤子复合体形成的分析结果。特别注意的是这些结构的运动性质及其与对称性的联系。同样，研究了耗散孤子的拓扑光学问题，涉及到场相位和/或偏振态的不确定性（拓扑奇点）的存在。一维、二维和三维情况下的矢量孤子揭示了它们与标量孤子的联系，并揭示了它们新的动力学特征。耗散孤子和极短孤子中的量子涨落被更简单地考虑。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Physics Reports 物理-物理：综合

CiteScore

56.10

自引率

0.70%

发文量

102

审稿时长

9.1 weeks

期刊介绍： Physics Reports keeps the active physicist up-to-date on developments in a wide range of topics by publishing timely reviews which are more extensive than just literature surveys but normally less than a full monograph. Each report deals with one specific subject and is generally published in a separate volume. These reviews are specialist in nature but contain enough introductory material to make the main points intelligible to a non-specialist. The reader will not only be able to distinguish important developments and trends in physics but will also find a sufficient number of references to the original literature.