System optimization practices for profitable and agro-ecologically sustainable agriculture in North-Western Indo-Gangetic Plains

IF 6.2 1区农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Agricultural Systems Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-22 DOI:10.1016/j.agsy.2025.104579

Radheshyam , Shankar Lal Jat , Mangi Lal Jat , Hanuman Sahay Jat , Aditya Kumar Singh , Deep Mohan Mahala , Chiter Mal Parihar , Rajbir Singh , Deepak Bijarniya , Kailash Chandra Kalvaniya , Smruti Ranjan Padhan

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

CONTEXT

Crop production in the food basket of South Asia faces serious challenges of the water table and environmental sustainability driving to future food insecurity. Thus, the conventional rice-wheat (CTRW) system practices are no more sustainable in South Asia.

OBJECTIVE

To design and develop alternative, optimal crop management options and assess their scalability through comprehensive system optimization practices (SOP), ensuring high productivity and profitability with lower environmental footprints along with potential for carbon credit generation.

METHODS

Field experiments were conducted at the four locations of farmer's fields in Karnal districts of Haryana, India. We evaluated SOP with CTR-zero-tillage (ZT) wheat-mungbean (CTR-ZTWMb) and direct seeded rice-ZT wheat-mungbean (DSR-ZTWMb) and triple ZT (raised bed) systems of maize-wheat-mungbean (ZTMWMb), maize-mustard-mungbean and soybean-wheat-mungbean (ZTSWMb).

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS

The system productivity enhanced by 26.4–29.2 and 26.9–36.9 % with enhanced net returns of 483–553 and 847–1006 US$/ha in rice-based and diversified (ZTMWMb, ZTMMuMb, and ZTSWMb) SOP, respectively over conventional rice-wheat system (CTRW). The diversified SOP had significantly lesser water use by 1023 to 1102 ha-mm with reduced global warming potential (GWP) by 4611–5100 kg CO2 eq./ha (∼5 carbon credit) over CTRW. Based on our study, the adoption of diversified SOP on 0.1 m ha and CTR-ZTWMb on 1.7 m ha can produce additional 0.27–1.23 m t alternate crops with additional net revenue of 906–921 million US$/year and reduction of the GWP by 564–603 million kg CO₂ eq./year over CTRW. Additionally, the non-renewable energy saving from one ha of diversified SOP could help in CTR-ZTWMb adoption on 42–56 ha over CTRW. The on-farm study evidenced that crop production with system optimization practices of legume inclusion and zero tillage could be scaled up in the non-basmati conventional rice-wheat system to achieve higher productivity and profitability as well as environmental stewardship in the North-Western Indo-Gangetic Plains and similar agro-ecologies.

SIGNIFICANCE

The system optimization practices adoption in conventional rice-wheat system of North-Western Indo-Gangetic plains could help in enhancing farm profitability and lowering environmental footprint with generation of 5–6 carbon credit.

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印度恒河平原西北部农业生态可持续发展的系统优化实践

南亚粮食篮子的作物生产面临着地下水位和环境可持续性的严峻挑战，这将导致未来的粮食不安全。因此，传统的水稻-小麦（CTRW）系统做法在南亚不再具有可持续性。目的设计和开发可替代的最佳作物管理方案，并通过全面的系统优化实践（SOP）评估其可扩展性，以确保高生产率和盈利能力，同时降低环境足迹以及产生碳信用的潜力。方法在印度哈里亚纳邦卡纳尔地区4个农民田间进行田间试验。采用玉米-小麦-绿豆免耕（ZT）、水稻-小麦-绿豆直播（DSR-ZTWMb）和玉米-小麦-绿豆（ZTMWMb）、玉米-芥菜-绿豆和大豆-小麦-绿豆（ZTSWMb）三种ZT（垄作床）体系对SOP进行了评价。结果与结论以水稻为基础和多样化（ZTMWMb、ztmmmb和ZTSWMb）的作业流程比传统的稻麦系统（CTRW）提高了26.4 ~ 29.2%和26.9 ~ 36.9%，净收益分别提高了483 ~ 553和847 ~ 1006美元/公顷。与CTRW相比，多样化SOP的用水量显著减少了1023 ~ 1102 ha-mm，全球变暖潜能值（GWP）降低了4611 ~ 5100 kg CO2当量/ha（~ 5碳信用）。根据我们的研究，在10万公顷的土地上采用多样化的SOP，在170万公顷的土地上采用tr - ztwmb，可以额外生产0.27 - 123万吨的交替作物，每年额外的净收入为9.06 - 9.21亿美元，与CTRW相比，全球变暖潜值每年减少5.64 - 6.03亿kg CO2当量。此外，每公顷多样化SOP所节省的不可再生能源可以帮助CTRW上42-56公顷的tr - ztwmb采用。田间研究证明，在印度恒河平原西北部和类似的农业生态环境中，采用豆科作物包种和免耕的系统优化实践可以在非巴斯马蒂传统水稻-小麦系统中扩大作物生产，从而实现更高的生产力和盈利能力，并实现环境管理。意义在印度恒河平原西北部传统稻麦系统中采用系统优化措施，可产生5-6个碳信用，提高农业效益，降低环境足迹。

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来源期刊

Agricultural Systems 农林科学-农业综合

CiteScore

13.30

自引率

7.60%

发文量

174

审稿时长

30 days

期刊介绍： Agricultural Systems is an international journal that deals with interactions - among the components of agricultural systems, among hierarchical levels of agricultural systems, between agricultural and other land use systems, and between agricultural systems and their natural, social and economic environments. The scope includes the development and application of systems analysis methodologies in the following areas: Systems approaches in the sustainable intensification of agriculture; pathways for sustainable intensification; crop-livestock integration; farm-level resource allocation; quantification of benefits and trade-offs at farm to landscape levels; integrative, participatory and dynamic modelling approaches for qualitative and quantitative assessments of agricultural systems and decision making; The interactions between agricultural and non-agricultural landscapes; the multiple services of agricultural systems; food security and the environment; Global change and adaptation science; transformational adaptations as driven by changes in climate, policy, values and attitudes influencing the design of farming systems; Development and application of farming systems design tools and methods for impact, scenario and case study analysis; managing the complexities of dynamic agricultural systems; innovation systems and multi stakeholder arrangements that support or promote change and (or) inform policy decisions.