Association between Total Fruit Consumption and Risk of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: The Japan Environment and Children's Study.

Abstract

Introduction: Whether the consumption of fruits, flavonoid-rich fruits, and 100% fruit juice is associated with the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is unclear. We aimed to examine the association of total fruit, flavonoid-rich fruits, and 100% fruit juice consumption with the risk of GDM.

Methods: A total of 93,759 singleton pregnancies who were enrolled in the Japan Environment and Children's Study remained for the analysis. Total fruit consumption including fruits and 100% fruit juice during the past year in the first trimester was assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for GDM associated with total fruit, flavonoid-rich fruits, non-flavonoid-rich fruits, and 100% fruit juice consumption were estimated using logistic regression analysis.

Results: GDM occurred in 2,096 (2.2%) of the 93,759 pregnant women. Total fruit consumption was inversely associated with the risk of GDM; the multivariable ORs (95% CI) for the highest vs. lowest quartiles of total fruit consumption were 0.82 (0.71, 0.95) (p for trend = 0.013). An increase in total fruit consumption by each 100 g/day was inversely associated with the risk of GDM (OR = 0.94 [0.91, 0.98], p for trend = 0.001). The multivariable ORs (95% CIs) for the highest versus lowest quartiles of flavonoid-rich fruits consumption was 0.80 (0.70, 0.93) (p for trend = 0.003), whereas that for non-flavonoid-rich fruits consumption was 0.96 (0.83, 1.11) (p for trend = 0.504); 100% fruit juice consumption was inversely associated with the risk of GDM for each 100 mL/day increase (OR = 0.91, 95% CI: 0.87, 0.96).

Conclusion: Total fruit, flavonoid-rich fruits, and 100% fruit juice consumption were inversely associated with risk of GDM.