Emerging smart microneedle technologies in psoriasis: convergence of nanocarriers, machine learning, and personalized delivery

Abstract

Psoriasis is a long-term autoimmune disorder that causes an excessive growth of keratinocytes in the skin. A mix of immune system irregularities, environmental influences, and genetic predisposition triggers it. The condition significantly impacts the quality of life of those affected. Histopathological investigation and clinical evaluation are two of the current diagnostic techniques; One method used to assess the severity of psoriasis is the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI). Topical medications and systemic therapy are examples of traditional treatments; nevertheless, they frequently do not offer long-lasting comfort and may have unfavourable side effects. Recent developments in targeted psoriasis therapy highlight the potential of microneedle technology, particularly nanoparticulate microneedle formulations, which allow improved drug administration and decreased systemic toxicity. Further, incorporating artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) into microneedle-based formulations is rising as a powerful tool to predict optimal design parameters, mechanical properties, and drug release profiles, thereby speeding research and enhancing therapeutic precision. This review delves into the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of psoriasis, focusing on novel microneedle approaches and AI, ML-based optimisation. We also examined ongoing studies, treatment patterns, and regulatory issues. We highlight patents about microneedles and how they could revolutionise the way psoriasis is treated.