Advances in optical microscopy for food structure characterization

Abstract

In recent years, advances in optical microscopy techniques have significantly enhanced our ability to study food structures in unprecedented detail. This review introduces state-of-the-art imaging techniques— particularly those offering improvements in spatial resolution (super-resolution), temporal resolution, and label-free imaging—and explores their ability to advance food structure research. These techniques provide access to micrometre- and sub-micrometre-scale structural information that was previously difficult or impossible to obtain. By extending the imaging toolbox beyond traditional instruments such as laser scanning confocal, widefield, and electron microscopes, these innovations open new opportunities to probe the physical, chemical, and structural properties of food matrices. Through the integration of biophysical and materials science approaches with conventional food science, this review highlights both the current capabilities and future potential of advanced optical microscopy for investigation and innovation in food design and processing.