Temperature-tailored cellulose-rich Cladophora sp. hydrochar for selective malachite green adsorption from multi-dye systems

IF 3.6 3区生物学 Q2 BIOTECHNOLOGY & APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY

Biochemical Engineering Journal Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-30 DOI:10.1016/j.bej.2025.109986

Muhammad Badaruddin , Laila Hanum , Elda Melwita , Sahrul Wibiyan , Yulizah Hanifah , Aldes Lesbani

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Abstract

This study presents the selective adsorption of malachite green (MG) from multi-dye mixtures using hydrochar derived from Cladophora sp. (C) via hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) at 150°C (C150), 200°C (C200), 250°C (C250), and 300°C (C300). Structural characterizations (XRD, FTIR, SEM-EDS, BET) confirmed enhanced porosity and surface functionalization with increasing HTC temperature. C200 exhibited the highest BET surface area (15.84 m²/g), while C300, with the largest pore size (18.27 nm), showed the highest MG adsorption capacity (204.1 mg/g), outperforming C (30.03 mg/g). Selective adsorption tests using ternary anionic-cationic dye mixtures revealed strong affinity toward cationic dyes, with MG showing 95.5 % removal by C300. Kinetic studies fitted the pseudo-second-order model, suggesting chemisorption dominance; the Avrami model also correlated well. Increasing Avrami rate constant (k₃) and decreasing exponent (n) with HTC temperature indicate a transition from diffusion to surface-controlled chemisorption. Equilibrium data followed the Sips isotherm, reflecting mixed monolayer–multilayer adsorption on moderately heterogeneous surfaces. The rising Sips constant (Kₛ) with temperature confirmed an endothermic process consistent with thermodynamic findings, which also verified spontaneity. Regeneration studies showed C300 retained > 50 % efficiency after three cycles, demonstrating stability and reusability. FTIR, XRD, and XPS analyses before and after MG adsorption confirmed interactions via electrostatic attraction, hydrogen bonding, and π–π interactions.

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温度定制的富含纤维素的Cladophora sp.碳氢化合物对多染料系统中孔雀石绿的选择性吸附

本研究介绍了从Cladophora sp. (C)衍生的碳氢化合物（HTC）在150°C (C150), 200°C (C200), 250°C （C250）和300°C （C300）下通过水热碳化（HTC）从多种染料混合物中选择性吸附孔雀石绿（MG）。结构表征（XRD， FTIR, SEM-EDS， BET）证实，随着HTC温度的升高，孔隙率和表面功能化增强。C200的BET表面积最大（15.84 m²/g）， C300的吸附量最大（18.27 nm），达到204.1 MG /g，优于C（30.03 MG /g）。使用三元阴离子-阳离子染料混合物的选择性吸附试验表明，对阳离子染料有很强的亲和力，C300对MG的去除率为95.5 %。动力学研究符合伪二阶模型，表明化学吸附优势；Avrami模型也有很好的相关性。Avrami速率常数（k₃）随着HTC温度的升高而增大，指数(n)随着HTC温度的升高而减小，表明由扩散向表面控制的化学吸附转变。平衡数据遵循Sips等温线，反映了在中等非均质表面上的混合单层-多层吸附。Sips常数（Kₛ）随温度的升高证实了一个与热力学结果一致的吸热过程，这也证实了自发性。再生研究表明，C300在三次循环后保持了>； 50 %的效率，表现出稳定性和可重复使用性。吸附MG前后的FTIR、XRD和XPS分析证实了静电吸引、氢键和π -π相互作用。

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来源期刊

Biochemical Engineering Journal 工程技术-工程：化工

CiteScore

7.10

自引率

5.10%

发文量

380

审稿时长

34 days

期刊介绍： The Biochemical Engineering Journal aims to promote progress in the crucial chemical engineering aspects of the development of biological processes associated with everything from raw materials preparation to product recovery relevant to industries as diverse as medical/healthcare, industrial biotechnology, and environmental biotechnology. The Journal welcomes full length original research papers, short communications, and review papers* in the following research fields: Biocatalysis (enzyme or microbial) and biotransformations, including immobilized biocatalyst preparation and kinetics Biosensors and Biodevices including biofabrication and novel fuel cell development Bioseparations including scale-up and protein refolding/renaturation Environmental Bioengineering including bioconversion, bioremediation, and microbial fuel cells Bioreactor Systems including characterization, optimization and scale-up Bioresources and Biorefinery Engineering including biomass conversion, biofuels, bioenergy, and optimization Industrial Biotechnology including specialty chemicals, platform chemicals and neutraceuticals Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering including bioartificial organs, cell encapsulation, and controlled release Cell Culture Engineering (plant, animal or insect cells) including viral vectors, monoclonal antibodies, recombinant proteins, vaccines, and secondary metabolites Cell Therapies and Stem Cells including pluripotent, mesenchymal and hematopoietic stem cells; immunotherapies; tissue-specific differentiation; and cryopreservation Metabolic Engineering, Systems and Synthetic Biology including OMICS, bioinformatics, in silico biology, and metabolic flux analysis Protein Engineering including enzyme engineering and directed evolution.