Multimodal MXene Artificial Synapses Realizing Optoelectronic, Olfactory, and Tactile Neuromorphic Memory in Wearable Devices

Abstract

The growing expansion of data-intensive technologies is driving the search for technology capable of brain-like efficiency and adaptability. Among new two-dimensional (2D) systems, MXenes have received attention because their metallic lattices pair strong carrier mobility with surface terminations that enable ion storage. The article covers recent improvements in MXene-based resistive switching memories arranged as artificial synapses. We address the chemical origins of their adjustable conductivity, the fabrication approaches that permit transparent and flexible devices, and the processes that support analog weight modulation at low operating energy. Demonstrations across optoelectronic, gas-responsive, and pressure-sensitive platforms reveal that MXene synapses may reproduce optical, olfactory, and tactile learning within the same material family. Their conductance states remain stable whether devices are bent, folded, or weaved, offering prospects for seamless integration into wearable neural interfaces that incorporate sensing, memory, and logic along a single thread without loss of signal quality. The remaining challenges are examined. Oxidation under atmospheric conditions reduces electrical performance, and batch variation restricts array-level homogeneity. This perspective outlines unmet questions and recommends experimental priorities.

Graphical Abstract