Frictional resistance in orthodontic archwires: A comprehensive review.

Abstract

Background: Frictional resistance at the bracket-archwire interface affects the efficiency of orthodontic treatment. Factors such as surface roughness, material composition, and the oral environment significantly influence the friction and mechanical properties of the archwire, thereby impacting treatment outcome. This review explores the effect of these variables on frictional resistance during orthodontic treatment.

Materials and methods: A literature review was conducted using PubMed from 1990 to 2024, the keywords used to perform the search were "orthodontic archwires" "surface roughness," and "friction." A total of 118 articles were found that included archwire materials, surface roughness, and frictional forces during orthodontic treatment.

Results: Stainless steel archwires exhibited low friction due to their smooth surfaces, while nickel-titanium wires, although very flexible and superelastic, these wires show higher friction due to surface roughness. Coated archwires, initially show reduced friction but wear out with time, leading to increased resistance. Environmental factors, such as saliva, pH variations, and fluoride exposure, can degrade archwire surfaces; thus, further influence treatment efficiency. Nonmetallic archwires offer some aesthetic advantages but are limited in mechanical properties and durability.

Conclusion: The performance of orthodontic archwires is strongly influenced by material properties, surface modifications, and environmental factors. Proper selection of materials and surface treatment can reduce frictional resistance, improve treatment efficiency, and enhance patient comfort. Further research is needed to focus on improving material durability and developing advanced coatings to address issues of wear and corrosion.